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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is true about proteins?
How many amino acids are seen in the human body?
What type of amino acid contains no ring structure?
Which group is attached to the same carbon atom in alpha amino acids?
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What type of bonds link amino acids in proteins?
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Which protein is responsible for muscle contraction?
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How many different classifications of amino acids are mentioned based on their structure?
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Which type of amino acid contains a ring structure?
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What is the composition of proteins?
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What is the significance of alpha amino acids?
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Which type of protein is essential for bone structure?
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What type of bonds attach the amino and carboxyl groups in alpha amino acids?
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Which type of proteins contain colored prosthetic groups?
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What is the function of amino acid derivative T4?
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Which proteins contain metal ions?
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What is the characteristic of Phosphoproteins?
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Which amino acid gives histamine by decarboxylation?
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What is the prosthetic group in hemoglobin?
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Which type of proteins are examples of Phosphoproteins?
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What negatively charged component does DNA combine with?
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Which enzyme contains Zinc as a metal ion?
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What is the function of some hormone polypeptides like TSH, LH, FSH, GH?
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Which protein example is NOT correctly matched with its type?
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Which protein carries a colored prosthetic group that is yellow in color?
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Which amino acid is classified as purely ketogenic?
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Which of the following amino acids is both partially ketogenic and partially glucogenic?
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Which amino acid is classified as essential and has a purely glucogenic metabolic fate?
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Which type of protein is responsible for muscle contraction?
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Which type of protein contains a non-protein prosthetic group?
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Which amino acid derivative cannot be made by the body and is essential for normal growth?
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Which type of amino acid contains a ring structure and is hydrophobic in nature?
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Which amino acid contains both imine (NH) and carboxyl (COOH) functional groups?
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Which amino acid is classified as both partially glucogenic and partially ketogenic in humans?
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Which type of protein carries the plasma lipid?
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Which amino acid derivative is predominantly ketogenic in humans?
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Study Notes
- Lecture by Dr. Reyadh Hanifah at the College of Medicine, University of Al-Najaf, in the Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, focusing on Amino Acids and Proteins.
- Proteins are essential biological molecules responsible for major structural and functional aspects of the body.
- All proteins are polymers of amino acids, linked by peptide bonds.
- There are 20 essential amino acids present in the human body.
- Amino acids can be classified based on their structure and side chains.
- Structurally, amino acids can be classified into Aliphatic, Aromatic, and Heterocyclic, with further subcategories based on side chains.
- Aliphatic amino acids include mono amino monocarboxylic acids and mono amino dicarboxylic acids.
- Aromatic amino acids contain phenyl or phenol rings, such as Phenylalanine and Tyrosine.
- Heterocyclic amino acids contain other types of rings, like Tryptophan and Histidine.
- Imino acids, such as Proline, contain both imine (NH) and carboxyl (COOH) functional groups.
- Amino acids can also be classified based on their side chains, which determine their hydrophobic or hydrophilic nature.
- Nonpolar side chains include Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, and aromatic amino acids Methionine, Proline, Phe, and Trp.
- Polar side chains can be uncharged (Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Gln, and Asn) or charged (Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, and His).
- Amino acids can also be classified based on their metabolic fate.
- Purely ketogenic amino acids, like Leucine and Lysine, are converted to ketone bodies.
- Partially ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids, such as Isoleucine, Phe, Thr, and Tryptophan, enter both the ketogenic and glucogenic pathways.
- Purely glucogenic amino acids, including all the remaining 13 amino acids, enter only into the glucogenic pathway.
- Amino acids can also be classified based on their nutritional requirements.
- Essential amino acids, like Iso, Leu, Thr, Val, Met, Phe, Trp, and Lys, cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from food.
- Partially essential or semi-essential amino acids, like His and Arg, are required for growth in children but not for adults.
- Non-essential or dispensable amino acids, like the remaining 10 amino acids, can be synthesized by the body.
- Proteins can be classified based on their function.
- Catalytic proteins, such as enzymes, play a role in catalyzing biochemical reactions.
- Structural proteins, like collagen and elastin, provide structure and support.
- Contractile proteins, such as myosin and actin, facilitate muscle contraction.
- Transport proteins, like hemoglobin, myoglobin, albumin, and transferrin, transport various substances within the body.
- Regulatory proteins or hormones, such as ACTH, insulin, and growth hormone, regulate various physiological processes.
- Genetic proteins, like histones, play a role in DNA packaging and organization.
- Protective proteins, such as immunoglobulins and interferons, protect the body against pathogens and damage.
- Proteins can also be classified based on composition and solubility.
- Simple proteins, which only contain amino acids, can be further classified into Albumin and Globulins.
- Albumin is soluble in water and coagulates by heat, with a molecular weight of 69,000.
- Globulins are insoluble in pure water but soluble in dilute salt solutions and coagulate by heat, with examples including serum globulins.
- Conjugated proteins consist of a protein combined with a non-protein part, called a prosthetic group.
- Glycoproteins are proteins combined with carbohydrates, with hydroxyl groups of serine or threonine and amide groups of asparagine and glutamine forming linkages with carbohydrate residues.
- Lipoproteins are proteins loosely combined with lipid components, occurring in blood and on cell membranes and in plasma.
- Nucleoproteins are proteins attached to nucleic acids.
- Chromoproteins contain colored prosthetic groups.
- Phosphoproteins contain phosphorus.
- Metalloproteins contain metal ions.
- Amino acids have various functions in the body, including as components of body peptides and proteins, hormones, and amines.
- Essential amino acids serve as building blocks for body peptides and proteins.
- Some hormones are polypeptides or amino acid derivatives, such as TSH, LH, FSH, and T4.
- Some amino acids, like histidine, can give amines by decarboxylation, such as histamine, which is a vasodilator.
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