Amino Acids and Proteins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Amino acids are linked together by ______ to form polypeptides.

condensation/dehydration

The formation of a peptide bond produces water.

True (A)

What makes amino acids different?

The different "R" groups.

How many amino acids are there in polypeptides?

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the amino acid sequence of polypeptides?

<p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four levels of protein structure?

<p>Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the primary structure of a protein refer to?

<p>The unique sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the coils and folds in the secondary structure of a protein?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two typical secondary structures of proteins?

<p>alpha helix and beta pleated sheet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What interactions are involved in determining the tertiary structure of a protein?

<p>Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is quaternary structure?

<p>It refers to the assembly of two or more polypeptide chains into one macromolecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Amylase?

<p>To break down starch into sugars during digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Hemoglobin?

<p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Ferritin?

<p>To store iron in cells and release it when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Antibodies?

<p>To recognize and neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Insulin?

<p>To regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Actin and Myosin?

<p>Actin and myosin proteins are key components of muscle fibers. Together, they interact to generate the force needed for muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA and RNA are polymers of amino acids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

<p>Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pentose sugar in DNA is ribose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the nitrogenous bases with the correct category.

<p>Adenine = Purine Guanine = Purine Thymine = Pyrimidine Cytosine = Pyrimidine Uracil = Pyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Uracil replaces Thymine in DNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA exists as a single strand helix.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, Adenine forms three hydrogen bonds with Thymine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DNA structure is stabilized by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pentose sugar with a 5' carbon is free from bonding.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 3' carbon of a pentose sugar is free from bonding.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common features of ALL cells?

<p>Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

<p>Protein synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Production of lipids, such as membrane phospholipids and sex hormones, and detoxification of drugs in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Processing of proteins, receiving them from the rough ER, modifying them, and packaging them for transport to their final destinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

<p>They are involved in aerobic respiration, converting chemical energy from glucose into ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria contain their own DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>It contains the chromosomes, the hereditary material, and plays a crucial role in controlling cell activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus has its own ribosomes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts?

<p>Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, the process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts have their own DNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of vacuoles?

<p>Vacuoles store food, water, wastes, and toxins, and help regulate the uptake of water to maintain cell rigidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peptide Bond

A covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, linking amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.

Dehydration synthesis

Chemical reaction where a water molecule is removed in order to form a new bond between two monomers.

Amino Acid

The building block of proteins, consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group).

20 Amino Acids

There are 20 different types of amino acids commonly found in polypeptides, each having a distinct R group.

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Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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Primary Structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determined by the genetic code.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding patterns of a polypeptide chain, often formed by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.

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Tertiary Structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between R groups.

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Quaternary Structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex.

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R Group

The variable side chain of an amino acid, determining its unique chemical properties.

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Polar Amino Acid

An amino acid with a charged or hydrophilic R group, attracted to water.

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Non-polar Amino Acid

An amino acid with a non-charged or hydrophobic R group, repelled by water.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific polypeptide chain.

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3 Bases Code for 1 Amino Acid

In the genetic code, a group of three bases (a codon) in DNA specifies a particular amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

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Nucleic Acid

A long polymer of nucleotides, with DNA and RNA being two main types.

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Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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Pentose Sugar

A five-carbon sugar found in nucleotides, either ribose (in RNA) or deoxyribose (in DNA).

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Phosphate Group

A negatively charged group containing phosphorus, part of a nucleotide.

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Nitrogenous Base

One of the four nitrogen-containing bases in DNA or RNA, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only), or uracil (RNA only).

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Purine

A type of nitrogenous base with a double-ring structure, including adenine and guanine.

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Pyrimidine

A type of nitrogenous base with a single-ring structure, including cytosine, thymine (DNA only), and uracil (RNA only).

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that carries genetic information in the form of a double helix.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis, with a single-stranded structure.

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Double Helix

The twisted ladder-like structure of DNA, formed by two antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds.

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Antiparallel

The opposite orientation of the two strands of DNA, with one strand running 5' to 3' and the other 3' to 5'.

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Hydrogen Bond

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen.

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Complementary Base Pairs

The specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA (A with T, G with C) or RNA (A with U, G with C), held together by hydrogen bonds.

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Cell Membrane

A thin, selectively permeable layer that encloses a cell, regulating the passage of molecules in and out.

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Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance within a cell, where many metabolic reactions occur.

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Ribosomes

Small organelles responsible for protein synthesis, found in all cells.

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Chromosomes

Structures within a cell's nucleus that contain genetic information in the form of DNA.

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Prokaryote

A single-celled organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryote

An organism whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Study Notes

Amino Acids and Proteins

  • Amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins, playing critical roles in various biological processes. Their unique side chains or 'R' groups contribute to the diverse structures and functionalities of proteins, essential for life.

  • Amino acids link together via condensation/dehydration reactions to form polypeptides

  • A peptide bond forms between amino acids

  • Water is a byproduct of this reaction

  • There are 20 different amino acids

  • 'R' groups differentiate amino acids, influencing their structures and functions

  • Amino acids sequence is coded by genes

  • The sequence of amino acids forms a unique polypeptide chain (primary structure)

Protein Levels of Structure

  • Primary Structure: The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
  • Secondary Structure: Coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between repeating parts of the polypeptide backbone (e.g., alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet.)
  • Tertiary Structure: Determined by interactions between R groups, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges. This creates the 3-dimensional folding of the protein.
  • Quaternary Structure: Occurs when two or more polypeptide chains form a macromolecule.

Protein Functions

  • Enzymes: Catalyze reactions (e.g., Amylase breaks down starch).
  • Transport: Carry molecules (e.g., Hemoglobin transports oxygen).
  • Structural Support: Provide support and strength (e.g., Collagen in skin and bones).
  • Storage: Store molecules (e.g., Ferritin stores iron).
  • Defense: Protect against pathogens (e.g., Antibodies).
  • Hormonal Signaling: Regulate cellular activities (e.g., Insulin regulates blood sugar).
  • Movement: Enable movement (e.g., Actin and Myosin in muscle fibers).

Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

  • Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides consist of:
    • A phosphate group
    • A pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA)
    • A nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (Uracil in RNA))
  • DNA: double helix. Antiparallel strands linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs (Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine).
  • DNA has a 5' and 3' end, with the sugar-phosphate backbone linking the nucleotides.
  • RNA: single-stranded molecule

Cellular Structures (Prokaryotes)

  • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and chromosomes (nucleoid).
  • Other components that are specific to E. coli include plasmids, pili, and flagella.

Cellular Structures (Eukaryotes)

  • Ribosomes: Small spherical structures, made of rRNA and protein. Can be 70s or 80s. They carry out protein synthesis. Ribosomes are found free in the cytoplasm, bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, in mitochondria, and in chloroplasts.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Lacks ribosomes. Involved in lipid synthesis, steroid hormone production, detoxification of drugs, and calcium storage.
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Studded with ribosomes. Involved in protein synthesis and modification, and transport of proteins.
  • Lysosomes: Spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste and debris.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Consists of flattened sacs (cisternae) that process, modify, packages, and transport proteins and lipids. It receives materials from the ER and sends them to their final destinations.
  • Mitochondria: Bound by two membranes. Contain their own DNA and ribosomes and carry out aerobic respiration, converting glucose into ATP (cellular energy).
  • Nucleus: Contains chromosomes, the genetic material. Surrounded by a double membrane with pores, controlling cell functions.
  • Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells. Double membrane, contain their own DNA for photosynthesizing light energy into chemical energy.
  • Vacuoles: Membrane-bound organelles involved in storage of food, water and waste products. Gives plant cells structural rigidity by maintaining turgor pressure.

Endomembrane System

  • Endomembrane system is composed of various organelles.
  • Includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
  • The endomembrane system is involved in synthesis; modification, sorting, and transport of proteins and other macromolecules.

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Grade 11 Biology Term 1 Exams Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the structure and function of amino acids and proteins. This quiz covers key concepts such as peptide bonds, levels of protein structure, and the role of amino acids in genetics. Prepare to explore the fascinating world of biochemistry!

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