American Imperialism Post-Civil War

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Questions and Answers

How did the United States exert itself in the service of American interests around the world after the American Civil War?

  • By using military force exclusively to conquer new territories.
  • Through a combination of military interventions, economic influence, and cultural exchange. (correct)
  • Through diplomacy and peaceful negotiations only.
  • By establishing colonies and imposing direct control over foreign governments.

What were the main areas of focus for American interventions in the late 19th century?

  • North America, Australia, and the Indian Ocean.
  • The Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East. (correct)
  • Africa, Europe, and South America.
  • The Caribbean, Central Asia, and the Arctic.

What aspect of American identity became a focal point alongside imperialism in the late 19th century?

  • The need for universal suffrage for all citizens.
  • The pursuit of a purely agrarian economy.
  • The definition of who qualifies as an 'American'. (correct)
  • The importance of religious freedom for all immigrants.

What was the United States' main goal in intervening in foreign governments, according to the text?

<p>To protect American economic interests abroad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the text's perspective on American imperialism?

<p>American imperialism was a complex phenomenon with both positive and negative aspects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a specific example of American intervention in the late 19th century?

<p>The Mexican Revolution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of immigration in the late 19th century relate to the debate about American imperialism?

<p>Immigration was seen as a threat to American identity and the integrity of the nation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text about the United States in the late 19th century?

<p>The United States was struggling to reconcile its ideals with its expanding global power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary form of American involvement in the Middle East before World War I?

<p>Educational, scientific, and humanitarian activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following institutions was NOT founded by American missionaries?

<p>The University of Istanbul (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars marked a turning point in American involvement abroad because they:

<p>Prompted the US to become increasingly involved in international politics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key ideological debate that arose as a result of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars?

<p>The relationship between American expansionism and its democratic ideals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the policy implemented by Spanish General Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau in Cuba?

<p>A policy of mass detentions and relocation of Cuban civilians (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the yellow press in the lead up to the Spanish-American War?

<p>They sensationalized Spanish atrocities in Cuba and fanned public support for war (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Theodore Roosevelt's actions in the Spanish-American War?

<p>He emerged as a national hero for his bravery and leadership in Cuba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War for the US?

<p>The US gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the US public respond to the Spanish-American War?

<p>They generally celebrated the victories and viewed it as a sign of American divine providence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals embraced the idea of American imperialism after the Spanish-American War?

<p>Albert J. Beveridge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the nature of the Spanish-American War?

<p>A relatively brief but decisive war that resulted in US territorial expansion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lasting effects did the Spanish-American War have on the US?

<p>It strengthened the US's role as a world power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the US to send the battleship Maine to Havana harbor?

<p>To protect American lives and property in Cuba (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'Cuba Libre!'?

<p>It was a slogan used by Cuban revolutionaries demanding independence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that Americans began to turn their attention southward to problems plaguing Cuba. What are those problems?

<p>The fight for independence from Spain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the US Congress officially declaring war on Spain?

<p>The Spanish government's refusal to grant Cuba independence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the United States' acquisition of the Philippines?

<p>To assert national authority and power around the globe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a concern of those opposed to American imperialism?

<p>American expansion was deemed a moral obligation as a way to spread western civilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key event that ultimately led to the Philippine-American War?

<p>The ratification of the Treaty of Paris by the US Congress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Philippine-American War resemble the American Indian Wars?

<p>Both wars utilized guerrilla warfare in challenging, unfamiliar terrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Philippine Commission play in America's colonial administration?

<p>It assessed the situation in the islands and recommended a civilian administration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the public perceive the Philippine-American War?

<p>It received significant public attention due to reports of brutality and uncertainty about the war's purpose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument of those who supported American expansion?

<p>It was an essential step to ensure national security and economic prosperity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals was NOT involved in the debate about American imperialism?

<p>Abraham Lincoln (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the American Anti-Imperialist League view American imperialism?

<p>It was a betrayal of American values and a violation of self-governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument put forward by those who saw American imperialism as the natural extension of westward expansion?

<p>It was a manifestation of America's destiny to control the world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of those who saw American expansion as a way to reenergize the nation?

<p>To assert national power and prestige on the world stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a concern raised by those who opposed American imperialism on the grounds of American racial identity?

<p>Fear of losing national power and influence to other countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote by Mr. Dooley, the fictional Irish-American barkeeper, highlight about American attitudes towards the Philippines?

<p>The American public was unsure about what to do with the Philippines after acquiring it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Filipino Insurrection, or the Philippine-American War, become a brutal conflict?

<p>The Filipinos were determined to resist American occupation at all costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the events of the Spanish-American War impact debates about American imperialism?

<p>It reignited debates about the proper role of the United States in the world (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the outcome of the debate about American imperialism?

<p>The US faced significant challenges in managing its new territories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

<p>To promote stable and prosperous states in Latin America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main economic strategy used by the U.S. government to exert influence in Latin America during the early 20th century?

<p>Dollar diplomacy and loans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the rise of Latin American debt contribute to instability in the region?

<p>It allowed for the development of modern infrastructure but also caused political turmoil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Roosevelt administration's involvement in Latin American affairs?

<p>To ensure security around the proposed Panama Canal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main threat posed by European intervention in Latin America?

<p>It threatened the Monroe Doctrine and U.S. hegemony in the hemisphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a factor in the debate over American imperialism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>The growing influence of environmentalism and conservation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument about the role of women in American imperialism, according to the text?

<p>Women played a significant role in promoting American cultural and economic influence abroad. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Margaret McLeod's work for the H.J.Heinz Company demonstrate the role of women in American imperialism?

<p>She played a role in promoting American products and cultural values overseas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary method utilized by the United States in its strategy for building “order and civilization” in Latin America?

<p>Economic influence and financial control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Roosevelt's view on the use of military intervention in Latin America?

<p>He saw military intervention as a last resort to be used only when absolutely necessary. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the United States' approach to Latin America was primarily driven by which of the following?

<p>A need to secure strategic resources and economic opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the U.S. government find it necessary to intervene in countries like Cuba and the Dominican Republic?

<p>To ensure the security of the Panama Canal and other vital routes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main difference between President Monroe's Doctrine and President Roosevelt's Corollary?

<p>Monroe's Doctrine focused on preventing European colonization, while Roosevelt's Corollary justified U.S. intervention. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the United States' involvement in the Russo-Japanese War demonstrate its stance on foreign policy?

<p>It demonstrated a commitment to promoting peace and international cooperation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text regarding the U.S. involvement in Latin America during the early 20th century?

<p>The U.S. pursued a complex and often contradictory policy, motivated by both idealism and self-interest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main motivation behind the Open Door Policy?

<p>To secure equal access to Chinese markets for American businesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event in the early 20th century led to the intervention of American troops in China?

<p>The Boxer Rebellion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Guano Islands Act of 1856 contribute to American expansion?

<p>It allowed the U.S. to acquire its first overseas colonies in the Pacific. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did American missionaries play in expanding U.S. influence in the Pacific?

<p>They often collaborated with business interests and contributed to the expansion of American economic power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between the United States and Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>The U.S. was a major investor in Mexico and sought to maintain stable relations with the Mexican government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason behind Woodrow Wilson's decision to intervene in Mexico in 1914?

<p>To protect American citizens and business interests in Mexico. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did General John J. Pershing's expedition to capture Pancho Villa ultimately fail?

<p>The outbreak of World War I forced the U.S. to redirect its military resources to Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Mark Twain's observations about American travelers in the Middle East?

<p>It highlights the growing sense of American exceptionalism and superiority by the late 19th century. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor that influenced American foreign policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Missionary activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the U.S. government's actions during the Mexican Revolution exemplify its foreign policy approach?

<p>The U.S. was willing to intervene in the politics of its southern neighbors to protect its interests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes American interactions in the Pacific from those in the Middle East during the late 19th century?

<p>The U.S. had stronger economic ties with Pacific nations compared to those in the Middle East. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the U.S. acquire in the late 19th Century from its interactions in the Pacific and Latin America?

<p>Political dominance (A), Sugar plantations (C), Guano deposits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the U.S. assert its presence in Latin America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

<p>Through economic investments (A), Through diplomatic negotiations (B), Through military intervention (C), Through cultural exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did geography play in shaping American imperialism?

<p>Geographic proximity encouraged more aggressive interventions, as seen in Mexico, compared to distant locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the U.S. president being able to send troops into action around the world without consulting Congress?

<p>The Boxer Rebellion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the Open Door Policy?

<p>Establishment of a U.S. protectorate over China (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one approach advocated by the Americanists regarding Catholic immigrants?

<p>Promote rapid assimilation into English-speaking culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group expressed frustrations about Irish dominance in the Catholic Church hierarchy?

<p>Mexican American Catholics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern did conservative clergy have regarding assimilation?

<p>Protestant ideals might threaten Catholic teachings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Pope Leo XIII remind the Americanists in his encyclical?

<p>The Catholic Church is a unified global body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical event did Mary Tape fight for regarding her daughter's education?

<p>Integration into public schools in California (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Tape v. Hurley case for Mary Tape?

<p>She won, but the school board still enforced segregation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concern was voiced by some regarding America's growing imperialism?

<p>The risk of America becoming too large for its own good (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Catholic Church approach the issue of ethnic parishes?

<p>By encouraging their abolition for unity and assimilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars for African American troops?

<p>Experience of racial violence and discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the yellow press play leading up to the Spanish-American War?

<p>Heightened public interest in war and sensational stories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did many Americans think about public schools in relation to Protestantism?

<p>They were utilized to promote Protestant beliefs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary issue did immigrants face in American society during the late 19th century?

<p>Navigating cultural assimilation and identity retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern expressed by Sanborn regarding immigration?

<p>It introduces disease and crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group was specifically targeted by the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

<p>Chinese laborers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Immigration Act of 1882 denied admission primarily to which type of individuals?

<p>Those who could not support themselves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common perception did many Americans hold about the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe?

<p>They faced racial and cultural prejudice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did California play in the immigration debate of the late nineteenth century?

<p>It initiated the first federal immigration control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which piece of legislation banned the entry of certain Asian laborers?

<p>The Chinese Exclusion Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the U.S. Immigration Commission view new immigrants in its 1911 report?

<p>They were the cause of social problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant act of racial hostility towards Chinese immigrants in the mid-nineteenth century?

<p>The Chinese Exclusion Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who did some politicians believe immigration restriction was necessary for?

<p>Maintaining the Caucasian race in California. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic did detractors associate with the new immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe?

<p>Cultural alienation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason the Immigration Act was expanded in 1885?

<p>To respond to complaints about cheap labor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907?

<p>Suspension of Japanese labor immigration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions was NOT a reason for denying immigrant admission in the early immigration laws?

<p>High education levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perceived allegiance issue did Protestants have towards Catholic immigrants?

<p>They suspected Catholics owed allegiance to the pope. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles could women play in U.S. imperialism according to the content?

<p>Missionaries, medical professionals, and educators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was civilization viewed in relation to gender during the era of imperialism?

<p>It was a highly gendered concept with distinct male and female roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What product was Margaret McLeod hired to demonstrate as part of the consumption practices associated with imperialism?

<p>Ketchup and chili sauce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common concern among nativists regarding immigrants in the late 19th century?

<p>They could lead to increased job competition and lower wages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did white women often view their role in relation to imperialism?

<p>As bearers of Christian civilization to 'less fortunate' groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the association between imperialism and immigration?

<p>A rise in anti-immigrant sentiments and policies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did organizations like the Anti-Imperialist League contribute to the discourse surrounding imperialism?

<p>By providing a platform for anti-imperialist activism among women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the racial theory regarding progression through civilization during the imperial era?

<p>It proposed a hierarchy with Europeans and Americans at the top. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was there anxiety among native-born Americans regarding immigration?

<p>Doubts about the ability of immigrants to assimilate into American society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key element of the economic aspect of civilization during the imperialism period?

<p>The idea that industrial consumption marked progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic was seen to grow significantly in the U.S. between 1870 and 1920?

<p>European immigrants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of activism did Ida B. Wells engage in related to imperialism?

<p>Opposition to violence against African Americans, paralleling anti-imperialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic need drove U.S. imperialism during this period?

<p>To acquire markets for American goods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group made up a significant percentage of the immigrant population that arrived in the U.S. by the early 20th century?

<p>European immigrants from Italy and Eastern Europe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general attitude towards industrialization among native-born Americans in the context of immigration?

<p>They feared dependence on immigrant labor for economic growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a reason Theodore Roosevelt advocated for annexing Hawaii?

<p>It would expand U.S. influence in the Pacific. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

American Empire

The concept of the United States expanding its influence and control globally post-independence.

American Imperialism

The practice of American interventions in foreign nations to assert power and protect interests.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 where the US intervened in Cuba, marking a significant step in American imperialism.

Theodore Roosevelt's Foreign Policy

An approach emphasizing America’s readiness to intervene abroad to protect its interests.

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Immigration and American Identity

The challenges of defining who qualifies as 'American' amid rising immigration.

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America's Economic Interests Abroad

The focus on protecting and promoting US business in foreign markets.

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Interventions in Mexico and China

US actions in Mexico and China reflecting eagerness to influence foreign governments for economic gain.

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Cultural Exchange

The exchange of ideas, customs, and values between the US and other nations throughout history.

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Open Door Policy

A policy for equal trade access to China for Western powers, initiated by John Hay in 1899.

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Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China against foreign influence, resulting in U.S. troop intervention.

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Guano Islands Act

1856 law allowing Americans to claim islands for guano deposits, marking early U.S. territorial expansion.

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Insular territories

U.S. areas that are unincorporated and not on the path to statehood.

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American missionaries in Hawaii

Early 19th-century missionaries who established sugar plantations, impacting local culture and economy.

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'Big Five' in Hawaii

Powerful sugar companies controlling Hawaii's oligarchy in the 19th century.

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Porfirio Diaz

Mexican president whose long authoritarian rule attracted U.S. investment before the revolution of 1910.

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Francisco Madero

Democratically elected president of Mexico, overthrown and executed by Huerta in 1913.

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Woodrow Wilson's intervention

U.S. President's actions against Huerta in Mexico, influenced by the arrest of American sailors.

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Veracruz invasion

1914 U.S. military action to prevent arms shipment to Mexico's Huerta regime.

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Pancho Villa

Revolutionary leader who attacked American interests in response to U.S. support of Carranza.

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John J. Pershing

General who led U.S. troops into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa after raids.

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American imperialism in Latin America

U.S. interventionist policies aimed at protecting economic interests in Latin America.

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Mark Twain's travelogue

Satirical account describing American perceptions in the Middle East, reflecting superiority feelings.

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U.S. and Middle East Relations

Historically minimal contact and a sense of superiority influenced U.S. actions in the Middle East.

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American missionaries

Individuals who arrived in the Middle East to spread Christianity and provide education and aid.

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First Protestant missionaries

Protestant missionaries who began work in the Middle East starting in 1819.

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Robert College

The first Western-style university established in Turkey in 1863 by American missionaries.

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American University of Beirut

An institution founded in 1866 as a result of missionary efforts in Lebanon.

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Philippine-American War

A conflict from 1899 to 1902 in which the U.S. battled for control over the Philippines.

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Cuba Libre

The rallying cry for Cuban independence from Spain.

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Battleship Maine

U.S. naval ship whose explosion helped trigger the Spanish-American War.

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Yellow journalism

Sensationalist reporting that exaggerates news to provoke public outrage.

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Treaty of Paris 1898

Agreement that ended the Spanish-American War, granting U.S. territories.

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Commodore George Dewey

U.S. naval officer who led a decisive victory in the Battle of Manila Bay.

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Theodore Roosevelt

Assistant secretary of the navy who became famous for his role in the Spanish-American War.

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Imperialism in America

The policy of expanding U.S. influence and control over territories.

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Lyman Abbott

Brooklyn minister who viewed American victories as divine blessing.

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Albert J. Beveridge

Senator who advocated for American imperialism post-war.

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Hawaiian Annexation

The U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898 after overthrowing its monarchy.

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Philippine Insurrection

Conflict from 1899-1902 between the U.S. and Filipino nationalists.

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Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino forces against U.S. occupation.

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Battle of Manila Bay

Naval battle where U.S. forces defeated Spain in 1898.

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Tensions in the Philippines

Rising conflicts between U.S. and Filipino forces post-annexation.

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Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposing U.S. imperialism, founded in 1899.

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Civilizing Mission

View that U.S. imperialism was a duty to 'civilize' others.

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William H. Taft

First U.S. governor-general of the Philippines (1901-1903).

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Public Sentiment

Public opinion regarding the U.S. actions in the Philippines.

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Guerrilla Warfare

A form of irregular warfare by small groups against larger forces.

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Colonial Occupation

Control over foreign territories and peoples by a powerful nation.

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Racial Identity Concerns

Fears about American identity due to foreign immigration and influence.

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Women's Roles in Imperialism

Women participated in imperialism as missionaries, teachers, and writers.

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Gendered Rhetoric of Civilization

Imperialism used gendered language connecting civilization with male and female roles.

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Stages of Civilization

Civilization progresses through hierarchical stages: hunter-gatherer, agricultural, industrial.

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Economic Character of Civilization

The levels of civilization were mainly defined by their economic systems and production methods.

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White Women's Symbolism

White women represented the benefits of American civilization and values in imperialism.

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Margaret McLeod's Demonstration

She showcased products like ketchup while embodying domesticity as part of imperialism.

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Women's Work in America

Women’s roles in the U.S. extended to imperialism by promoting civilization abroad.

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Opposition to Imperialism

Not all women supported U.S. imperialism; many actively opposed it through organizations.

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Jane Addams

A prominent female figure opposing imperialism, advocating against violence and promoting democracy.

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Ida B. Wells

Black female activist who viewed anti-lynching campaigns as anti-imperialist efforts.

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Connection of Imperialism and Immigration

American imperialism and immigration fueled fears and policies during the late 19th century.

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Nativist Opposition to Immigration

Nativists feared newcomers threatened democracy and jobs, leading to resentments.

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Chicago Haymarket Affair

An event where immigrants were accused of violence, heightening nativist fears.

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Regulatory Immigration Legislation

Moved towards law to control immigration highlighting fears of newcomers.

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Immigrant Arrival Statistics

Over 25 million immigrants arrived in the U.S. from 1870-1920, transforming society.

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Dollar Diplomacy

An economic policy offering loans to countries for control over their fiscal affairs.

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Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the US's right to intervene in Latin America.

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Monroe Doctrine

A US policy opposing European colonization in the Americas.

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Civilizing Influence

The belief that the US should promote stability and civilization in other nations.

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Imperialism and Women's Roles

American imperialism also involved women promoting culture and products abroad.

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International Intervention

Using military or political influence to settle disputes in foreign nations.

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Economic Interests in Latin America

US investments in Latin America tied to stability and fiscal control demands.

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Instability in Latin America

Political unrest in newly independent nations affecting economic repayment.

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Direct US Intervention

Active military or diplomatic involvement by the US in foreign governance.

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Debt Collection Issues

The challenge of enforcing repayment amid political turmoil in Latin America.

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Trade and Civilization

The intertwining of economic trade with the spread of American cultural values.

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Roosevelt's Peace Efforts

Roosevelt mediated conflicts to maintain balance, winning a Nobel Peace Prize.

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Loans and Interest Rates

American lenders exploited new governments’ need for cash with high-interest loans.

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American Sphere of Influence

Areas where the US exerted political and economic control, extending beyond borders.

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Military Power for National Interests

Use of military intervention as necessary to protect US influence abroad.

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The Great White Fleet

A group of U.S. Navy battleships that sailed around the world to showcase power.

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Gunboat Diplomacy

Using naval power to influence or control another nation.

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Military Intervention

Direct involvement of military forces in foreign nations to assert power.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan

A naval theorist whose ideas influenced Roosevelt's naval policies.

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Cuban Independence

Cuba gained independence from Spain but was still heavily influenced by the U.S.

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Panama Canal

A key waterway the U.S. controlled after supporting Panama's independence.

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Imperialism Justifications

Framed as humanitarian efforts to 'civilize' other nations.

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Czolgosz Assassination

The killing of McKinley that elevated Roosevelt to the presidency.

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Intervention in Dominican Republic

Roosevelt sent marines to supervise Dominican finances in 1905.

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Catholic Immigration

The influx of Irish, German, and Eastern European Catholics to the U.S. from the 1830s onward.

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Americanists

Clergy advocating for rapid assimilation of Catholic immigrants into American culture.

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Ethnic Parishes

Separate congregations for different immigrant groups within the Catholic Church.

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Pope Leo XIII

The Pope who reaffirmed that Catholics must not alter church teachings for American freedom.

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Conflict of Cultures

The tension between native-born Americans and immigrant Catholics regarding assimilation.

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Mary Tape

A Chinese immigrant mother who fought for her daughter’s right to attend a public school.

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Tape v. Hurley

The 1885 court case that ruled in favor of Mary Tape regarding school segregation.

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Lee Chew

A Chinese immigrant who battled anti-Chinese prejudice in America while building his businesses.

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African American Troops

Black soldiers who served during the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars.

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Imperialism Debate

The discussion surrounding America's expansionist policies and their consequences.

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Joseph Pulitzer

An anti-expansionist who worried about America's imperial ambitions.

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Public Schools

The institutions where debates about immigration and religion took place, reflecting societal tensions.

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Assimilation Concerns

Fears among conservative clergy about losing Catholic identity through American assimilation.

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Cultural Tensions

The conflict between differing cultural identities within the Catholic Church.

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Immigrant Catholic Identity

The challenges of maintaining distinct cultural identities while belonging to the Catholic Church.

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Sanborn's Advocacy

Sanborn argued for federal action to limit immigration, citing social issues.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that suspended immigration of Chinese laborers, first racially based restriction.

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Page Act of 1875

Law prohibiting entry of Chinese women for prostitution and involuntary labor.

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Immigration Act of 1882

Legislation denying admission to people unable to support themselves, including paupers.

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Shifting Demographics

Change in immigrant origins from northern/western Europe to southern/eastern Europe and Asia.

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American Immigration Commission

1911 report claiming new immigrants caused social problems, reinforced prejudice.

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Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 agreement halting Japanese labor immigration due to diplomatic compromise.

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Anti-Catholicism

Prejudice against Catholics during the 19th century, doubting loyalty to America.

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Racial Hostility in California

Hostility toward Chinese immigrants leading to early immigration laws.

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Excludable Immigrant Groups

Many categories of people became excluded from U.S. immigration over time.

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Legal Framework for Immigration

Set of laws and regulations began governing who could immigrate to the U.S.

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Labor Contracts and Immigration

1885 law adding foreign workers under labor contracts to excludable immigrants.

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Assimilation Challenges

Difficulties faced by immigrant groups trying to integrate into American society.

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Social Problems Associated with Immigrants

Claim that immigrants caused issues like crime, poverty, and radicalism.

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Protestant America

The dominant cultural group in America that often vilified immigrant populations.

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Study Notes

American Imperialism at the Turn of the 20th Century

  • The U.S., following independence from the British Empire, engaged in actions resembling imperialism in the Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East.
  • This expansion was driven by economic interests, trade, and cultural exchange, most evident in the Spanish-American War and policies during the Roosevelt and Taft administrations.
  • The U.S. acquired territories including Cuba, Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, and Puerto Rico, alongside increasing immigration.
  • This raised questions about American identity, citizenship, and the nation's obligations to foreign peoples.
  • American interventions in Mexico, China, and the Middle East focused on protecting economic interests.
  • In 1899, the Open Door Policy was articulated to ensure equal access to Chinese markets for the U.S.
  • The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 saw U.S. troops intervening to maintain trade access in China, setting a precedent for presidential military deployments.
  • The U.S. gained its first Pacific territories through the Guano Islands Act of 1856.
  • American missionaries had a large presence in Hawaii and Asia and often supported business initiatives, impacting local economies.
  • U.S. investments in Mexico during the reign of Porfirio Diaz were challenged by the Mexican Revolution.
  • Intervention actions, like the U.S. occupation of Veracruz, and the Pershing expedition to capture Pancho Villa, reflected growing American involvement.
  • The U.S. actions during this time significantly impacted regional relations and economic policies.
  • American missionary activity in the Middle East established educational and humanitarian institutions, in addition to limited American trade.
  • The Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (1898-1902) were crucial in expanding the U.S. global reach.
  • The U.S. acquisition of territories—Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines—from Spain escalated debates about imperialism.
  • Debates surrounding American imperialism emerged in response to debates around American identity (should the US become an empire?) and the nation's role in foreign affairs.
  • The Philippine-American War (1899-1902), with its brutal guerrilla warfare, was a significant event in highlighting the conflict between American aims and Filipino aspirations for independence.
  • The actions and opinions of individuals such as Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Albert J. Beveridge, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie shaped public debate around imperialism.

Theodore Roosevelt and American Imperialism

  • Theodore Roosevelt became a leading proponent of American imperialism in the early 20th century, emphasized naval strength, and advocated for annexing Hawaii and intervening in Latin America.
  • The Great White Fleet mission (1907-1909) showcased American naval power globally.
  • The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted U.S. police power in the Caribbean and Latin America, justifying interventions to maintain stability.
  • This approach included both military intervention and "dollar diplomacy"—using financial influence to exert control.
  • Dollar diplomacy involved providing loans to Latin American nations in exchange for influence over their finances, often supporting American economic interests.
  • Roosevelt justified U.S. involvement as a necessity to promote order and civilization, in contrast to the instability of many Latin American nations.

Women and Imperialism

  • American women played a role in U.S. imperialism in various capacities, including as representatives of American business like Margaret McLeod and missionaries, teachers, and medical professionals.
  • Women participated in both imperialist and anti-imperialist activities.
  • The rhetoric of "civilization" was linked to women's roles, with white women seen as agents of American cultural influence.
  • The desire to control markets for American goods was often linked to imperialist motives.
  • Some women actively opposed imperialism through organizations like the Anti-Imperialist League.

Immigration and Imperialism

  • Massive immigration (over 25 million immigrants between 1870 and 1920) coincided with the rise of American imperialism.
  • This created tensions about American identity and fueled nativist opposition to immigration.
  • Immigration restrictions, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, focused on certain groups based on race and perceived threats to culture, economics, and society.
  • Debates around immigration were linked to debates about American imperialism as both concepts focused significantly on managing "others."

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