American Architecture History

Colonial Era (1600s-1700s)

• American architecture was heavily influenced by European styles, particularly English, Dutch, and Spanish.
• Buildings were simple, practical, and adapted to local climate and materials.
• Examples of styles include Cape Cod, Georgian, and Dutch Colonial.

Federal Era (Late 18th to Early 19th Century)

• Federal architecture drew inspiration from neoclassical designs of ancient Rome and Greece.
• Characteristics include symmetry, balance, proportions, and classical motifs.
• Examples of landmarks include Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

Greek Revival Architecture (Early to Mid 19th Century)

• Inspired by democratic ideals of ancient Greece.
• Features include columns, pediments, and symmetrical facades.
• Examples of government buildings include the US Capital in Washington DC.

Gothic Revival Architecture (Mid 19th Century)

• Characterized by pointed arches, steep gables, and intricate tracery.
• Examples of buildings include Trinity Church in New York City and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.

Victorian Era (Mid 19th Century)

• Diverse architectural styles, including Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Stick Style.
• Buildings boasted ornate detailing, vibrant colors, and asymmetrical designs.
• Examples of Victorian buildings reflected the eclectic taste of the time.

Beaux-Arts Architecture (Late 19th to Early 20th Century)

• Drew from French neoclassical traditions.
• Emphasized grandeur, symmetry, and ornamental detailing.
• Examples of public buildings include Grand Central Terminal in New York City and the Library of Congress in Washington DC.

Art Deco (1920s and 1930s)

• Characterized by geometric shapes, streamlined forms, and decorative motifs.
• Associated with modernity and luxury.
• Influenced the design of skyscrapers, theaters, and hotels, including the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in New York City.

Modernism (Mid 20th Century)

• Modernist architects sought to break away from historical styles.
• Emphasized functionalism, simplicity, and the use of new materials such as steel and glass.
• Examples of modernist designs include Frank Lloyd Wright's organic architecture principles.

Postmodernism (Late 20th Century)

• Reacted against the perceived coldness and uniformity of modernism.
• Embraced historical references, eclectic styles, and playful forms.
• Examples of postmodern buildings include Philip Johnson's AT&T Building and Michael Graves's Portland Building in Oregon.

Contemporary Architecture (21st Century)

• Encompasses a diverse range of styles and approaches.
• Examples of contemporary projects include the Highline in New York City and the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington DC.
• Features sustainable design, adaptive reuse, digital fabrication, and parametricism.