Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Population' refer to?
What is a Sample?
A representative subset of a population, examined in hope of learning about the population.
What is a Census?
A sample that consists of the entire population.
Define Population Parameter.
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What is a Statistic?
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What does Observational Study mean?
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What is an Experiment?
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Define Experimental Units.
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What is Treatment in an experiment?
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What is meant by Statistically Significant?
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What is a Control Group?
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Define Blind Study.
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What is a Double Blind experiment?
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What is a Placebo?
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What does Placebo Effect refer to?
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Define Alternative Hypothesis.
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What is Data Collection?
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Differentiate Fact from Opinion.
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What is a Null Hypothesis?
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What is a Participant in a study?
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Define Population Mean.
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What is Psychological Effect?
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What is a Questionnaire/Survey?
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What is a Research Question?
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Define Sample Mean.
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What are Study Limitations?
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What are Ethics?
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What is Informed Consent?
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What is a Pilot Study?
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What is Primary Data?
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Define Secondary Data.
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What is Average/Mean?
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What does Margin of Error mean?
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What is Cluster Sampling?
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Define Convenience Sampling.
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What is Inference Population?
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What does Random mean in research?
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Study Notes
Key Terms in Research Methodology
- Population: The complete set of individuals or instances we aim to study.
- Sample: A smaller, representative subset of the population selected for analysis.
- Census: A sample that encompasses the entire population, providing a comprehensive overview.
- Population Parameter: A quantifiable characteristic of a population model, often estimated from sample data (e.g., mean income).
- Statistic/Sample Statistic: Values derived from sampled data that estimate population parameters (e.g., mean income from a sample).
Types of Studies and Data Collection
- Observational Study: Research based on collected data without manipulating variables.
- Experiment: Research method where factors are manipulated to observe effects on subjects, typically involving random assignments.
- Experimental Units: Individuals on whom the experiment is conducted; referred to as subjects or participants when human.
- Treatment: The controlled condition applied to experimental units; can vary in levels or combination of factors.
Study Design Features
- Statistically Significant: An observed difference considered unlikely to have occurred by chance, warranting further examination.
- Control Group: Group receiving a baseline treatment to which outcomes are compared.
- Blind Study: Participants or evaluators unaware of treatment group assignments to reduce bias.
- Double Blind: Both participants and evaluators are unaware of group assignments, ensuring unbiased results.
- Placebo: An inactive treatment to prevent psychological influences on results, allowing true treatment effects to be measured.
Hypotheses and Data Analysis
- Alternative Hypothesis: Accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a statistically significant effect.
- Null Hypothesis: Proposes no significant difference among experimental conditions.
- Data Collection: Essential process of gathering information to test hypotheses in a structured setting.
Research Considerations
- Fact/Opinion: Facts are verifiable; opinions are subjective and cannot be proven true or false.
- Participant: Involves the researcher actively engaging in the study context.
- Population Mean: True average of a complete population, symbolized by the Greek letter mu (μ).
Psychological and Ethical Implications
- Psychological Effect: Influences on mood or feeling that may affect study outcomes.
- Questionnaire/Survey: Tool for gathering information on attitudes and behaviors through structured questions.
- Research Question: Clearly defined inquiry guiding the experimental process.
- Sample Mean: The calculated average of a sample, denoted as x̄, used to estimate the population mean.
Research Limitations and Data Types
- Study Limitation: Factors that may detract from findings, such as sample size or demographic representation.
- Ethics: Framework governing research conduct and relationships.
- Informed Consent: Agreement from participants after being fully briefed on risks.
- Pilot Study: Preliminary research to assess feasibility before a larger study.
- Primary Data: Original data collected firsthand for a specific purpose.
- Secondary Data: Existing data originally collected for another purpose.
Statistical Concepts
- Average/Mean: Calculated by dividing the sum of values by the total number of values.
- Margin of Error: Indicates the expected range of outcomes for a population based on sample data.
- Cluster Sampling: Involves surveying distinct groups to represent the population, effective for efficiency but needs to ensure representation.
- Convenience Sampling: Involves using readily available data, potentially compromising reliability.
- Inference Population: The group to which findings from a sample survey are intended to generalize.
- Random Assignment: Technique ensuring participants are assigned to groups by chance to minimize bias.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms in Advanced Math and Data Management (AMDM). This flashcard quiz covers essential concepts like population, samples, and parameters critical in statistical analysis. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these foundational terms.