AMDM Vocabulary Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What does the term 'Population' refer to?

A section of individuals selected for a study

The entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn (correct)

A sample from a larger group

None of the above

What is a Sample?

A representative subset of a population, examined in hope of learning about the population.

What is a Census?

A sample that consists of the entire population.

Define Population Parameter.

A numerically valued attribute of a model for a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Statistic?

Values calculated for sampled data. Signup and view all the answers

What does Observational Study mean?

A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Experiment?

An experiment manipulates factor levels to create treatments, randomly assigns subjects to these treatments. Signup and view all the answers

Define Experimental Units.

Individuals on whom an experiment is performed. Signup and view all the answers

What is Treatment in an experiment?

The process, intervention, or other controlled circumstance applied to randomly assigned experimental units. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by Statistically Significant?

When an observed difference is too large to be likely due to chance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Control Group?

The experimental units assigned to a baseline treatment level. Signup and view all the answers

Define Blind Study.

Any individual associated with an experiment who is not aware of how subjects have been allocated to treatment groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Double Blind experiment?

An experiment where neither the subjects nor those administering treatments are aware of treatment allocations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Placebo?

A treatment known to have no effect, administered to create comparable conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What does Placebo Effect refer to?

The tendency of subjects to respond even when administered a placebo. Signup and view all the answers

Define Alternative Hypothesis.

Hypothesis accepted if the null is rejected. Signup and view all the answers

What is Data Collection?

Collecting data throughout the scientific process to test hypotheses. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate Fact from Opinion.

A fact is a statement that can be checked for truthfulness; an opinion cannot be proven true or false. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Null Hypothesis?

A hypothesis predicting no difference between experimental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Participant in a study?

An individual involved in a study where the researcher is actively engaged. Signup and view all the answers

Define Population Mean.

The true mean of the entire population, often estimated using the sample mean. Signup and view all the answers

What is Psychological Effect?

Influence change in feelings or mood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Questionnaire/Survey?

A series of written questions about attitudes and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Research Question?

A question answered by an experiment or series of experiments. Signup and view all the answers

Define Sample Mean.

The mean of a sample used to estimate the true mean of a population. Signup and view all the answers

What are Study Limitations?

Factors that affect study findings such as a small sample or unique settings. Signup and view all the answers

What are Ethics?

A system of moral principles governing people's conduct. Signup and view all the answers

What is Informed Consent?

A written agreement to participate in a study made by an informed adult. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Pilot Study?

A small-scale research study used to test the feasibility of a project. Signup and view all the answers

What is Primary Data?

Data gathered yourself, not from secondary sources. Signup and view all the answers

Define Secondary Data.

Data already collected for a purpose other than the current study. Signup and view all the answers

What is Average/Mean?

The average value found by adding all values together and dividing by the total number. Signup and view all the answers

What does Margin of Error mean?

The range of outcomes expected for a population based on sample data. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cluster Sampling?

A survey of selected groups within a population. Signup and view all the answers

Define Convenience Sampling.

Creating a sample using data from a readily available population. Signup and view all the answers

What is Inference Population?

The population to which results from a sample survey are meant to generalize. Signup and view all the answers

What does Random mean in research?

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terms in Research Methodology

Population: The complete set of individuals or instances we aim to study.
Sample: A smaller, representative subset of the population selected for analysis.
Census: A sample that encompasses the entire population, providing a comprehensive overview.
Population Parameter: A quantifiable characteristic of a population model, often estimated from sample data (e.g., mean income).
Statistic/Sample Statistic: Values derived from sampled data that estimate population parameters (e.g., mean income from a sample).

Types of Studies and Data Collection

Observational Study: Research based on collected data without manipulating variables.
Experiment: Research method where factors are manipulated to observe effects on subjects, typically involving random assignments.
Experimental Units: Individuals on whom the experiment is conducted; referred to as subjects or participants when human.
Treatment: The controlled condition applied to experimental units; can vary in levels or combination of factors.

Study Design Features

Statistically Significant: An observed difference considered unlikely to have occurred by chance, warranting further examination.
Control Group: Group receiving a baseline treatment to which outcomes are compared.
Blind Study: Participants or evaluators unaware of treatment group assignments to reduce bias.
Double Blind: Both participants and evaluators are unaware of group assignments, ensuring unbiased results.
Placebo: An inactive treatment to prevent psychological influences on results, allowing true treatment effects to be measured.

Hypotheses and Data Analysis

Alternative Hypothesis: Accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a statistically significant effect.
Null Hypothesis: Proposes no significant difference among experimental conditions.
Data Collection: Essential process of gathering information to test hypotheses in a structured setting.

Research Considerations

Fact/Opinion: Facts are verifiable; opinions are subjective and cannot be proven true or false.
Participant: Involves the researcher actively engaging in the study context.
Population Mean: True average of a complete population, symbolized by the Greek letter mu (μ).

Psychological and Ethical Implications

Psychological Effect: Influences on mood or feeling that may affect study outcomes.
Questionnaire/Survey: Tool for gathering information on attitudes and behaviors through structured questions.
Research Question: Clearly defined inquiry guiding the experimental process.
Sample Mean: The calculated average of a sample, denoted as x̄, used to estimate the population mean.

Research Limitations and Data Types

Study Limitation: Factors that may detract from findings, such as sample size or demographic representation.
Ethics: Framework governing research conduct and relationships.
Informed Consent: Agreement from participants after being fully briefed on risks.
Pilot Study: Preliminary research to assess feasibility before a larger study.
Primary Data: Original data collected firsthand for a specific purpose.
Secondary Data: Existing data originally collected for another purpose.

Statistical Concepts

Average/Mean: Calculated by dividing the sum of values by the total number of values.
Margin of Error: Indicates the expected range of outcomes for a population based on sample data.
Cluster Sampling: Involves surveying distinct groups to represent the population, effective for efficiency but needs to ensure representation.
Convenience Sampling: Involves using readily available data, potentially compromising reliability.
Inference Population: The group to which findings from a sample survey are intended to generalize.
Random Assignment: Technique ensuring participants are assigned to groups by chance to minimize bias.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key vocabulary terms in Advanced Math and Data Management (AMDM). This flashcard quiz covers essential concepts like population, samples, and parameters critical in statistical analysis. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of these foundational terms.