Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are hallmark signs of Alzheimer’s Disease?
Which of the following are hallmark signs of Alzheimer’s Disease?
What is a consequence of the malfunction of secretase in Alzheimer's Disease?
What is a consequence of the malfunction of secretase in Alzheimer's Disease?
What prevalence rate is associated with Alzheimer’s disease for adults by age 85?
What prevalence rate is associated with Alzheimer’s disease for adults by age 85?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease?
Which of the following factors is NOT considered a risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease?
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What potential cognitive benefit has been reported for Alzheimer’s disease patients?
What potential cognitive benefit has been reported for Alzheimer’s disease patients?
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Which combination of exercise types is recommended for patients with Alzheimer’s disease?
Which combination of exercise types is recommended for patients with Alzheimer’s disease?
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What lifestyle change is recommended to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease?
What lifestyle change is recommended to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease?
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Who is most likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease according to the statistics?
Who is most likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease according to the statistics?
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What is the first stage of the return-to-play protocol following a sport concussion?
What is the first stage of the return-to-play protocol following a sport concussion?
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Which common symptom is most frequently associated with concussions?
Which common symptom is most frequently associated with concussions?
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What characterizes Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
What characterizes Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?
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Which factors contribute to the epidemiology of congenital heart defects?
Which factors contribute to the epidemiology of congenital heart defects?
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What percentage of children with congenital heart defects may experience cognitive deficits?
What percentage of children with congenital heart defects may experience cognitive deficits?
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Which of the following is not a common cognitive deficit associated with heart failure?
Which of the following is not a common cognitive deficit associated with heart failure?
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What is the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test used for?
What is the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test used for?
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Which component is commonly found in state concussion legislation?
Which component is commonly found in state concussion legislation?
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What is the projected number of Americans who will develop Alzheimer’s disease by 2050?
What is the projected number of Americans who will develop Alzheimer’s disease by 2050?
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Which brain areas are primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease?
Which brain areas are primarily associated with Alzheimer's disease?
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What is the recommended F.I.T.T. prescription for moderate exercise in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease?
What is the recommended F.I.T.T. prescription for moderate exercise in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease?
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Which non-motor symptom is commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease?
Which non-motor symptom is commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease?
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What percentage of patients with Parkinson’s disease are estimated to develop cognitive symptoms over time?
What percentage of patients with Parkinson’s disease are estimated to develop cognitive symptoms over time?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
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Which of the following is a motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
Which of the following is a motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
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What is a common feature of cognitive abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease?
What is a common feature of cognitive abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease?
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Which of the following is a proposed benefit of exercise for individuals with Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following is a proposed benefit of exercise for individuals with Parkinson's disease?
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Which of these treatments is considered a motor-based approach for managing Parkinson's disease?
Which of these treatments is considered a motor-based approach for managing Parkinson's disease?
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What is NOT a mechanism by which exercise may benefit those with Parkinson's disease?
What is NOT a mechanism by which exercise may benefit those with Parkinson's disease?
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What defines a concussion?
What defines a concussion?
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What is one reason it is not advisable to restrict exercise in patients with congenital heart defects?
What is one reason it is not advisable to restrict exercise in patients with congenital heart defects?
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Which demographic variables are associated with an increased risk of sustaining a sports concussion?
Which demographic variables are associated with an increased risk of sustaining a sports concussion?
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What is a recommended exercise prescription duration for children with congenital heart defects?
What is a recommended exercise prescription duration for children with congenital heart defects?
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Which of the following is a benefit of exercise for individuals with congenital heart defects and heart failure?
Which of the following is a benefit of exercise for individuals with congenital heart defects and heart failure?
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Which step occurs first in the neurometabolic cascade associated with sport concussion?
Which step occurs first in the neurometabolic cascade associated with sport concussion?
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What most accurately describes cancer-related cognitive impairment?
What most accurately describes cancer-related cognitive impairment?
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What is the best approach to assess sport concussion as of 2017?
What is the best approach to assess sport concussion as of 2017?
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How does the recovery period from sports concussions compare between adolescent and adult athletes?
How does the recovery period from sports concussions compare between adolescent and adult athletes?
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What is a consequence of chemotherapy on healthy cells?
What is a consequence of chemotherapy on healthy cells?
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Which proposed mechanism is associated with a reduction in white matter integrity in cancer patients?
Which proposed mechanism is associated with a reduction in white matter integrity in cancer patients?
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One goal of an exercise prescription during chemotherapy is to:
One goal of an exercise prescription during chemotherapy is to:
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What is a consideration to keep in mind when prescribing exercise for cancer patients?
What is a consideration to keep in mind when prescribing exercise for cancer patients?
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Study Notes
Alzheimer's Disease
- Characterized by neurodegeneration and neurocognitive deficits
- Neuronal loss, synaptic loss, olfactory deficits, memory impairment, cognitive and functional deterioration, apathy, and depression are associated
- Hallmarks include neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein) and amyloid plaques (amyloid beta buildup)
- Pathophysiology begins with amyloid precursor protein (APP)
- Secretase enzymes fail to properly break down APP
- Amyloid beta accumulates, forming plaques
- Plaques can potentially break down naturally
Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease
- Unhealthy lifestyle factors (diet, alcohol, smoking, obesity)
- Hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- Vascular insults
- Age, sex, genetics
- Cardiovascular disease
- Moderate-severe TBI
Prevalence of Alzheimer's
- 60%-80% of dementia cases
- Affects 1 in 3 adults by age 85
Benefits of Exercise for Alzheimer's
- Health promotion
- Delays dementia onset
- Risk reduction of dementia
- Preserving and enhancing cognitive function
- Reducing neurodegenerative-related depression
Neurodegenerative Conditions (AD & PD) - FITT Prescriptions (AD)
- Moderate walking, 3 times per week
- Aerobic and anaerobic exercise exceeding 15 minutes
- Minimum 6 months of consistent activity
Neurodegenerative Conditions (AD & PD) - FITT Prescriptions (PD)
- Structured motor fitness routines
- Social engagement
- Music therapy (to bypass basal ganglia)
- Light to moderate intensity exercise (40%-60%)
Alzheimer's - Cognitive Performance Benefits
- Improved information processing
- Enhanced executive function
- Improved memory
Alzheimer's Statistics
- Projected 115.4 million Americans with AD by 2050
- Predominantly affects women over 65
Parkinson's Disease
- Second most common neurodegenerative disease after AD
- Occurs at a rate of 1/1,000 in individuals over 60
- 5%-20% of individuals exhibit cognitive symptoms at diagnosis, with 80% eventually developing these symptoms
- Early Diagnosis: Bradykinesia, Rigidity, Tremor
- Late Diagnosis: Dysphagia, Postural Instability, Freezing of Gait, Falls
Parkinson's - Pathophysiology
- Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and cortical thinning
Parkinson's - Exercise Benefits
- Improved mobility and flexibility
- Enhanced emotional well-being
- Improved balance and gait
- Reduced fall risk
- Increased neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis
- Increased hippocampal and frontal region grey and white matter
Parkinson's - Treatment Methodologies
- Motor: Levodopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, deep brain stimulation, stereotactic lesions
- Non-motor: Cholinesterase inhibitors, SSRIs/SNRIs, melatonin, klonopin, treatment of urinary symptoms and constipation
Concussion
- Traumatic brain injury from a direct blow to the head, neck or body
- Symptoms: headache, dizziness, photophobia, difficulty concentrating, amnesia, etc.
- Possible, but not always, visual abnormality
- Symptoms can take up to 24 hours to manifest
Concussion Assessment Methods
- Pre-injury assessments
- Neurocognitive evaluations
- Balance assessments
- Cranial nerve assessments
- Symptom tracking
- Sleep behavior evaluations
- Adolescents generally recover in similar timeframes as adults, dependent on access to resources
Return-to-Play Protocol Stages
-
- Symptom-limited activity
-
- Aerobic exercise
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- Sport-specific exercise
-
- Non-contact training drills
Concussion Legislation Components
- State-level education regarding concussion
- Immediate removal of injured athletes
- Return to sports protocol clarification
- Research funding
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- Neurodegeneration characterized by abnormal tau protein buildup in the brain
- Diagnosed post-mortem
Heart Disease
- Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) : 1 in 110 children; 500,000 adults affected
- Cardiovascular disease is the leading worldwide cause of death, cases increase annually by 25%
- Risk factors discussed include genetics, non-cardiac abnormalities, abnormal fetal blood flow, alcohol, medication and viral infections.
- Possible cognitive deficits include atypical or delayed development, behavioral difficulties, academic underachievement, depression, anxiety and decreased quality of life. Autism spectrum traits are also noted in some cases
Congenital Heart Defects - Exercise Guidance
- No evidence that reduced exercise is beneficial for those with CHD.
- Safety is the paramount concern.
- Factors such as increased mortality, isolation, and reduced quality of life need to be avoided.
Cancer
- Epidemiology of breast cancer: most common women's cancer, risk increases with age.
- Cognitive impairment (chemobrain) is a possible consequence of cancer treatments.
- White matter integrity is potentially affected by cancer treatments and can reduce function.
- Exercise can assist with community, enjoyment, quality of life, and distraction from illness or diagnosis.
General Study Points
- Summarized main points from throughout the course
- Key takeaways and essential study material for the upcoming exam
- Specific areas of focus during course
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Description
This quiz delves into the intricate details of Alzheimer's disease, covering its neurodegenerative characteristics, risk factors, prevalence, and the potential benefits of exercise for prevention and management. Explore the complex pathophysiology involving amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Test your knowledge and understanding of this critical health issue.
