Ageing Brain - Focus on Neurodegeneration

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What is the preclinical stage of of the progression dementia?

Changes in the brain structure but no obvious symptoms (correct)
A few cognitive domains impaired, obvious symptoms
Severe cognitive impairment

What is the MCI stage of the progression of dementia?

Brain changes but no obvious symptoms
Severe cognitive impairment
A few cognitive domains impaired, obvious symptoms (correct)

What is the percentage of dementia patients above 85?

60%
70% (correct)
50%
80%

How much does the risk go up after 65+ for dementia?

Doubles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Alzheimer's generally involve?

Senile plaques and neurofibrillary triangles (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the percentages of sporadic and familial cases for Alzheimer's?

95% - Sporadic, 5% - Familial (C) Signup and view all the answers

Familial cases of Alzheimer's are caused by what protein and mutations?

Amyloid precursor protein, and presenelin 1 and 2 mutations Signup and view all the answers

What do presenelins solely form?

y secretase (C) Signup and view all the answers

a + y secretase results in

P3 Signup and view all the answers

B + y secretase results in

amyloid B Signup and view all the answers

Mutations in APP (insert here) AD risk

Decreases Signup and view all the answers

Production of longer amyloid B that results in increased AD risk is caused by what

APOE4 allele (B) Signup and view all the answers

Amyloid B aggregation causes (insert here) via (insert here) aggregation mechanism

Neurodegeneration, and Tau Signup and view all the answers

What antibody binds to soluble amyloid B oligomers and results in reduced amyloid levels/cognitive decline?

Lecanemab Signup and view all the answers

What is not a consequence of Tau hyper-phosphorylation?

An increase in infectious protein agents (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is Parkinson's disease generally caused by?

Lewy bodies with a-synuclein (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of sporadic and familial cases in Parkinson's disease?

85% - Sporadic, 15% - Familial (A) Signup and view all the answers

What area does Parkinson's disease affect?

Affects the basal ganglia, specifically the substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson's disease is caused by the degeneration of (insert here) neurones

Dopaminergic Signup and view all the answers

What are the two treatments of Parkinson's disease

L-dopa and deep brain stimulation Signup and view all the answers

The role of a synuclein in Parkinson's disease

Too much from over expression of mutations, such mutant a synuclein fold up differently. These proteins aggregate forming lewy bodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is not a familial PD mutation?

APP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is Huntington's Disease caused by?

Expansion of CAG in exon-1 Huntington's gene (C) Signup and view all the answers

CAG encodes what

Glutamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the first region it starts spreading from? The rest of the answers being secondary disease ridden centres

Striatum of the basal ganglia (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive size of CAG that is associated with Huntington's disease?

>36 CAG, a pathological polyglutamine tract Signup and view all the answers

What generally causes Prion's disease?

Inclusion of PrPs (A) Signup and view all the answers

(Insert here) in humans was caused by consumption of (insert here) infected beef

vCJD and BSE Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal PrP is a template for (insert here) of normal cellular PrP

Misfolding Signup and view all the answers