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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of atrophy in cellular adaptation?
What is the primary characteristic of atrophy in cellular adaptation?
Which condition is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Which condition is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
What distinguishes hyperplasia from hypertrophy?
What distinguishes hyperplasia from hypertrophy?
Which type of cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another?
Which type of cellular adaptation involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another?
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Which of the following statements about dysplasia is true?
Which of the following statements about dysplasia is true?
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What is a key feature of pathologic hypertrophy in the heart?
What is a key feature of pathologic hypertrophy in the heart?
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What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in the liver?
What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in the liver?
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In which situation would metaplasia most likely occur?
In which situation would metaplasia most likely occur?
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What is the first phase of nociception?
What is the first phase of nociception?
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Which neurotransmitter acts as a pain inhibitor in the spinal cord?
Which neurotransmitter acts as a pain inhibitor in the spinal cord?
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What role does modulation play in nociception?
What role does modulation play in nociception?
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Which of the following neurotransmitters enhances pain perception?
Which of the following neurotransmitters enhances pain perception?
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What is the primary function of nociceptors in pain processing?
What is the primary function of nociceptors in pain processing?
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What is the most common cause of cell injury related to oxygen deprivation?
What is the most common cause of cell injury related to oxygen deprivation?
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What occurs after hypoxia leads to a reduced ATP production in cells?
What occurs after hypoxia leads to a reduced ATP production in cells?
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Which type of injury is specifically associated with oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species?
Which type of injury is specifically associated with oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species?
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Which of the following is an external source of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
Which of the following is an external source of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
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What is one effect of lactic acid production in cells due to hypoxia?
What is one effect of lactic acid production in cells due to hypoxia?
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What mechanism does carbon monoxide use to cause tissue injury?
What mechanism does carbon monoxide use to cause tissue injury?
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Which of the following is NOT a result of free radical activity?
Which of the following is NOT a result of free radical activity?
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What is the role of biological activation of toxic metabolites in cell injury?
What is the role of biological activation of toxic metabolites in cell injury?
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Which of the following statements about irreversible injury is true?
Which of the following statements about irreversible injury is true?
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What is the most common type of cellular accumulation caused by hypoxia?
What is the most common type of cellular accumulation caused by hypoxia?
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Which systemic sign is NOT typically associated with cell injury?
Which systemic sign is NOT typically associated with cell injury?
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In what condition does metastatic calcification typically occur?
In what condition does metastatic calcification typically occur?
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What role does calcium play in cellular functions under normal conditions?
What role does calcium play in cellular functions under normal conditions?
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Which of the following best describes dystrophic calcifications?
Which of the following best describes dystrophic calcifications?
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What is the result of hypoxia on ATP production and ion exchange in cells?
What is the result of hypoxia on ATP production and ion exchange in cells?
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Which factor is NOT related to immunological inflammatory conditions?
Which factor is NOT related to immunological inflammatory conditions?
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What characterizes necrosis compared to apoptosis?
What characterizes necrosis compared to apoptosis?
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Which type of necrosis is specifically associated with tuberculosis?
Which type of necrosis is specifically associated with tuberculosis?
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In which condition does fat necrosis occur?
In which condition does fat necrosis occur?
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What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis?
What is a common outcome of coagulative necrosis?
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Which statement best describes dry gangrene?
Which statement best describes dry gangrene?
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What is the defining difference between wet gangrene and dry gangrene?
What is the defining difference between wet gangrene and dry gangrene?
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Which type of necrosis is specifically associated with immune-mediated damage?
Which type of necrosis is specifically associated with immune-mediated damage?
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What condition is associated with the accumulation of urate, resulting in gout?
What condition is associated with the accumulation of urate, resulting in gout?
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Which type of nociceptor is responsible for transmitting sharp pain from mechanical stimuli?
Which type of nociceptor is responsible for transmitting sharp pain from mechanical stimuli?
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What is the primary function of the inhibitory interneurons in pain transmission?
What is the primary function of the inhibitory interneurons in pain transmission?
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Which tract is responsible for carrying slow impulses related to dull chronic pain and temperature?
Which tract is responsible for carrying slow impulses related to dull chronic pain and temperature?
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What term describes the maximum intensity of pain that a person can endure?
What term describes the maximum intensity of pain that a person can endure?
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Which statement best describes the effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters on pain transmission?
Which statement best describes the effect of inhibitory neurotransmitters on pain transmission?
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Study Notes
Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
- Cells adapt and protect themselves from injury through five types of adaptive changes:
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size, can affect organs or tissues.
- Physiological: Occurs during development, like the thymus shrinking.
- Pathological: Caused by changes in blood supply or workload.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, often affecting organs or tissues.
- Physiological: Muscles grow with increased use, as seen in the heart. This is reversible.
- Pathological: Cardiac hypertrophy, in response to hypertension or coronary artery disease, is irreversible.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number due to increased cell division. Can affect organs.
- Physiological: Liver regeneration after injury, or uterine lining thickening.
- Pathological: Abnormal proliferation of cells can be a sign of cancer.
- Metaplasia: Mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type. This is reversible.
- Examples include: smoking causing a change in lung cell types.
- Dysplasia: Deranged cell growth, atypical hyperplasia. Abnormal changes in cell shape, size, or organization. Not necessarily cancer but can progress to cancer. Always pathological.
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size, can affect organs or tissues.
Cell Injury
- Caused by:
- Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen supply.
- Anoxia: complete deprivation of oxygen.
- Common cause of cell injury
- Free Radicals: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, ●OH, O2.
- Oxidative stress: imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant defenses.
- Leads to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage.
- Toxic injuries: Direct damage, overdose, and biological activation.
- Infections: Microorganisms invading and damaging tissues.
- Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen supply.
Cellular Accumulations
- Normal substances produced in excess or abnormal substances or exogenous materials not catabolized effectively.
- Water: Cell Swelling (most reversible effect of hypoxia); occurs when water moves into the cell.
- Calcium: (acts as second messenger) normally has low concentration. Causes cellular damage when accumulated inside cells.
Cell Death
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
- Necrosis: Unregulated cell death (injury); causes cell swelling and rupture.
Types of Necrosis
- Caseous necrosis: White, soft, and cheesy tissue (e.g., in Tuberculosis).
- Fat necrosis: Chalky, white areas in tissues (e.g., in acute pancreatitis).
- Fibrinoid necrosis: Thickened, pinkish-red vessel walls (e.g., in immune reactions).
- Gangrene: Areas of necrotic tissue due to ischemia (e.g. in a limb or bowel).
- Dry gangrene: Tissue is dry and firm.
- Wet gangrene: Tissue is swollen and contains fluid; often found in venous blood flow issues.
Neuropathic Pain
- Result of damage to the peripheral or central nervous systems.
- Can lead to chronic pain.
Nociception: The Processing of Potentially Harmful Stimuli
- Transduction: Conversion of stimuli to an electrical signal.
- Transmission: Conduction of signals along nerve pathways.
- Perception: Awareness of the pain.
- Modulation: Modification of pain signaling.
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Description
This quiz explores the mechanisms of cellular adaptation and the five types of adaptive changes: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia. Understand how these processes affect tissue health and contribute to various pathological conditions. Ideal for students studying advanced biology or medicine.
