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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of plasma cell myeloma?
What is the primary characteristic of plasma cell myeloma?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of autoimmune disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a typical sign or symptom of autoimmune disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for autoimmune disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for autoimmune disorders?
Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from the myeloid lineage?
Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from the myeloid lineage?
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What is the meaning of HLA in the context of immune function?
What is the meaning of HLA in the context of immune function?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by a rapid response, typically occurring within 15 to 30 minutes?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by a rapid response, typically occurring within 15 to 30 minutes?
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What is the primary distinction between leukemias and lymphomas?
What is the primary distinction between leukemias and lymphomas?
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Which of the following treatments is commonly used for both leukemias and lymphomas?
Which of the following treatments is commonly used for both leukemias and lymphomas?
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What is the target of the IgE blocker therapy used in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
What is the target of the IgE blocker therapy used in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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During the remission induction phase of cancer treatment, what is the primary objective?
During the remission induction phase of cancer treatment, what is the primary objective?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat allergic reactions in Type I hypersensitivity?
Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat allergic reactions in Type I hypersensitivity?
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What is the main function of beta-adrenergics in the treatment of allergic reactions?
What is the main function of beta-adrenergics in the treatment of allergic reactions?
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Flashcards
IgE
IgE
An immune reactant responsible for allergic reactions.
Remission induction
Remission induction
A phase that eliminates all detectable neoplastic cells.
Epinephrine
Epinephrine
An adrenergic agent used during acute allergic reactions.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
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Antihistamines
Antihistamines
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Type II Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity
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Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
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Plasma cell myeloma
Plasma cell myeloma
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity
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MHC genes (HLA)
MHC genes (HLA)
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Leukemia
Leukemia
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma
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Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity
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Myeloid lineage
Myeloid lineage
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Study Notes
Alterations in Immune Function
- Autoimmunity: The immune system attacks the body's own tissues due to excessive immune responses.
- MHC Genes (HLA): Genes associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disorders. These genes code for proteins on cell surfaces which help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
- Females: Have a higher risk of autoimmune disorders.
- Treatment: Individualized immunosuppressive therapy, corticosteroids, cytotoxins (MTX), tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, immunomodulators, and therapeutic plasmapheresis.
- Hypersensitivity: Describes the mechanism of injury, leading to inflammation.
- Type I Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic): Allergic reaction; IgE is the immune reactant and the antigen is soluble. Symptoms appear within 15-30 minutes. Mast cells release mediators upon allergen exposure. Treatment includes IgE blocker therapy, antihistamines, epinephrine and beta-adrenergic agents.
- Type II Hypersensitivity (Cytotoxic): IgG or IgM are the immune reactants; the antigen is cell-bound. Symptoms appear within 15-30 minutes. Leads to complement activation and cell lysis. Examples include mismatched blood transfusions and hemolytic disease of the newborn.
- Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex): IgG and IgM are the immune reactants, and the antigen is soluble. Symptoms manifest 6+ hours after exposure. Antigen-antibody complexes damage tissues via complement activation. Examples include post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.
- Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed): T cells are the immune reactants; the antigen can be either soluble or cell-bound. Symptoms appear 24-48 hours after exposure. Involves inflammatory reactions mediated by cytokines released by Th1 cells. Examples include contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.
- Antibody-mediated: B cells are involved; types I, II, and III.
- Cell-mediated: T cells are involved.
Plasma Cell Myeloma, Leukemias, and Lymphomas
- Plasma Cell Myeloma: Malignant transformation of B-cell plasma cells, often forming localized tumors in bones.
- Leukemias: Circulating tumors primarily affecting blood and bone marrow. Recurring infections, enlarged lymph nodes, and unusual white blood cell counts are common symptoms. Treatment involves chemotherapy, stem cell transplants, and radiation.
- Lymphoma: Localized tumors in lymph tissue, potentially spreading to other sites. Similar symptoms to leukemias may occur.
- Myeloid Lineage: White blood cells (RBCs, platelets, monocytes, & granulocytes).
- Lymphoid Lineage: White blood cells (B cells, T cells, & NK cells).
Chronic and Acute Leukemias
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Middle-aged adults. Characterized by an increased granulocyte count and the Philadelphia chromosome. Treatments often have poor outcomes.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): More common in adults, but less effective treatments exist. Symptoms develop rapidly, and bone marrow has more than 20% blast cells.
- Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL): Most common leukemia, often asymptomatic in its early stages. May be malignant B-cell precursor.
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma (ALL): More common in children. Bone pain, bruising, fever, infections, loss of appetite, and enlarged spleen, liver, and lymph nodes are common symptoms; a better prognosis in children vs adults.
Multiple Myeloma and Hodgkin's lymphoma
- Multiple Myeloma: A malignant disorder of antibody-producing B-lymphocytes, afflicts adults aged 40-65. Bone involvement is typical. Diagnosis involves detection of monoclonal antibodies, Bence Jones protein, hypercalcemia, and skeletal lesions.
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Affects young adults (20–40), with slightly higher incidence in males. It's linked to Epstein Barr Virus. Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic. The type of treatment depends on its stage - localized (radiation), disseminated (chemotherapy).
Oxygen Transport and Anemia
- Erythrocytes: Red blood cells are most numerous RBCs. They remove CO₂ from tissues and help buffer blood pH.
- Erythropoietin (EPO): Hormone stimulating red blood cell production. Mostly produced in the adult kidney.
- Anemia: Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells leading to hypoxia. Includes aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic renal failure, folate/B₁₂ anemia, and iron deficiency anemia.
- Iron Deficiency Anemia: Common worldwide, characterized by microcytic red blood cells, and low iron levels. Symptoms may include pica (cravings for non-food items).
- Thalassemia: Inherited condition resulting in a high rate of red blood cell destruction. Microcytic red blood cells observed.
Blood Clotting and Disorders
- Hemostasis: Blood clotting process, with primary (vascular injury), secondary (fibrin clot formation), and final (clot retraction) stages.
- Fibrinolysis: Clot dissolution.
- Hemophilia: Inherited (x-linked recessive) blood clotting disorder and Hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints).
- Von Willebrand Disease: Genetic bleeding disorder
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Simultaneous clotting and bleeding.
- Thrombocytopenia: Reduced platelet count, leading to bleeding and bruising. It can be a side effect of chemotherapy.
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Description
Explore the complex alterations in immune function including autoimmunity and various types of hypersensitivity. Understand the roles of MHC genes, gender differences in autoimmune disorder risks, and common treatment approaches. This quiz will test your knowledge on the critical aspects of immune response and abnormalities.
