Chapter 2 Study Guide Patho PDF

Chapter 10 Alterations in Immune Function - Plasma cell myeloma: malig transformation of B-cell plasma cells; likes - Autoimmunity: immune system attacks own tissues to form localized tours in bony structures...

Chapter 10 Alterations in Immune Function - Plasma cell myeloma: malig transformation of B-cell plasma cells; likes - Autoimmunity: immune system attacks own tissues to form localized tours in bony structures - Cause: excessive immune responses - Leukemias: circulating tumors primarily involve blood & bone marrow - MHC genes (HLA) appear to inc risk of autoimmune disorders - Lymphoma: localized in lymph tissue, often disseminated to other sites - MHC: group of genes that code for proteins found on the surface of cells - Myeloid lineage: RBC, platelets, monocytes, & granulocytes that help immune system reccognize foreign substances. MHC proteins are - Lymphoid lineage: B cells, T cells, & NK cells found in all ↑ vertebraes. In humans complex is also called human - Typical S&S: leukocyte antigen (HLA) - Recurrent infxns - Females are at higher risk - Enlarged, nontender lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) c lymphoma & - Tx: individualized immunosuppressive therapy some leukemias - Corticosteroids & cytotoxins (MTX) - Very high total WBC ct or presence of abnormal cell types - Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors & immunomodulators - Clinical manifestations: - Therapeutic plasmapheresis - Anemia - Hypersensitivity: describes the mechanism of injury - Thrombocytopenia * both types will eventually lead to inflammation * - Leukopenia - Type I: Atopic, Anaphylactic (15-30 min) - Tₓ: chemo, stem cell transplant, radiation. - Immune reactant: IgE - Remission phases: - Antigen form: soluble antigen - Remission induction: eliminates all detectable neoplasticsm cells - Mechanism of activation: allergen-specific IgE antibodies bind to - Achieves complete remission (CR) mast cells cia their Fc receptor. When specific allergen binds to - Post remission: eliminates all undetectable neoplastic cells the IgE, cross-linking of IgE induces degranulation of mast cells - Happens after CR - Tₓ: IgE bocker therapy: Inhibits binding of IgE to mast cells - Remission maintenance: prolongs remission interval - ONLY FOR TYPE I - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) - Antihistamines: block the effects of histamines - Avg age: 40-50yrs ADULTS - Epinephrine: (counter effects of histamine) - Characterized by malignant granulocytes that carry the Phlidelphia - Adrenergic agent given subQ or IV during acture allergic rxn chromosome (Ph⁺): chromosomes 9/22 → bcr/abl (↑ cell prolif & ↓ - Highly allergic ppl can carry an EPIPEN apoptotic cell death) - Beta-adrenergics: decr bronchoconstrictions - ↑ granulocyte ct on CBC - Corticosteroids: dec inflammatory response - CML does not respond well to chemo - Anticholinergics: block parasympathetic pathways - Poor overall survival ~ 2 yrs - Ex: local & systemic anaphylaxis, seasonal hay fever, food - Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Amazingly Massively Lethal allergies, & drug allergies- bee sting rxn, allergic rxn - Avg age: 64 yrs ADULTS - Type II: Cytotoxic, Cytolytic (15-30 min) - Abrupt & severe symptoms - Immune reactant: IgG or IgM - Antigen form: Cell-bound antigen - Bone marrow has ↑ 20% blast - Mechanism of activation: IgG/IgM binds to cellular antigen, - Pₓ is worse for AML: Kids: