Alpha2-Agonists in Anesthesia

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What is the primary function of opioids in veterinary medicine?

Inducing sedation, euphoria, and excitement

Altering the transmission and perception of pain

Managing acute pain effectively (correct)

Treating chronic pain in many species

What is the unique feature of opioid receptors?

They have a reversible combination with tranquilizers

They induce a variety of central nervous system (CNS) effects

They are part of a large superfamily of membrane-bound receptors (correct)

They alter the health status of the animal

Which factor significantly affects the clinical effect of opioids in animals?

The individual sensitivity to opioids

The presence or absence of pain (correct)

The administration of concurrent tranquilizers

The species of the animal

What distinguishes agonist-antagonist opioids like butorphanol from mu opioid receptor agonists like morphine?

Their partial agonist activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed mechanism of action for amantadine's analgesic effects?

Stabilizing NMDA receptors in the closed state Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason acetaminophen is not considered a classic NSAID for use in animals?

Low anti-inflammatory action Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed mechanism of action for maropitant's analgesic effect?

Blocking substance P from binding to NK-1 receptors Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for pain control?

Monovalent antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the main adverse effect of frunevetmab mentioned in the text?

Vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What was the 2008 study on dogs with NSAID-refractory osteoarthritis testing the efficacy of when amantadine was added to meloxicam?

Activity improvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of alpha2-agonists in inducing analgesia in animals?

They may be used to induce analgesia as anesthetic premedications, as a constant-rate infusion intraoperatively, and as a supplement to postoperative analgesia Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of ketamine for providing analgesic effects in animals?

Competitive antagonism of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors Signup and view all the answers

Why should tramadol not be used in animals that may have received monoamine oxidase inhibitors or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

It may facilitate serotonin release Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects of tramadol in animals?

Altered behavior and decreased seizure thresholds Signup and view all the answers

How does gabapentin block the development of hyperalgesia and central sensitization?

By modulating neurotransmitter activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary active metabolite of tramadol?

O-desmethyl tramadol (M1) Signup and view all the answers

Why might gabapentin need to be administered continuously for weeks to months in some animals?

To prevent the development of exaggerated or chronic pain states Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the role of ketamine from that of alpha2-agonists in inducing analgesia?

(NMDA) receptors provides its analgesic effects, whereas alpha2-agonists do not interact with NMDA receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern when using tramadol in animals that have a recent history of seizure activity?

Decreased seizure thresholds Signup and view all the answers

How does atipamezole reverse the effects of alpha2-agonists?

By reversing the central and peripheral effects of alpha2-agonists Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered while using alpha2-agonists in ruminants?

They may cause arterial hypoxemia and pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ketamine from other analgesic agents mentioned in the text?

It prevents or decreases central sensitization and cumulative depolarization Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peripheral leukocyte-derived opioids (PLDOs) in activating the peripheral endogenous opioid system (PEOS)?

Increase the number and efficiency of PORs Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in postsurgical pain management in animals?

Block prostaglandin synthesis and decrease inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable advantage of NSAIDs in comparison to opioids for treating acute and chronic pain in animals?

Cost-effectiveness and availability Signup and view all the answers

Why are corticosteroids administered less frequently in the postoperative period in animals?

Due to potential adverse effects like polyphagia and polydipsia Signup and view all the answers

Which analgesic agent is FDA approved for use in cats in the US, with meloxicam approved for a single dose and robenacoxib for up to 3 days?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of alpha-2 agonists as analgesics in animals?

Provide analgesia through spinal and supraspinal actions via G protein–coupled receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of administering corticosteroids for chronic pain syndromes in animals?

Promotion of CNS alteration and sedation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NSAIDs when used in combination with opioids for pain management in animals?

Confer synergism and demonstrate an opioid-sparing effect Signup and view all the answers

How do alpha2-agonists contribute to multimodal analgesia in the perioperative period for many species?

Contribute to profound analgesia and sedation via G protein–coupled receptors Signup and view all the answers