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Questions and Answers
What is the effect of histamine on smooth muscles?
What is the effect of histamine on smooth muscles?
Which of the following is NOT a vascular effect of histamine?
Which of the following is NOT a vascular effect of histamine?
What is a common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines?
What is a common side effect of 1st generation antihistamines?
What is an advantage of 2nd generation antihistamines?
What is an advantage of 2nd generation antihistamines?
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Which of the following is a less common side effect of antihistamines?
Which of the following is a less common side effect of antihistamines?
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What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines?
What is the mechanism of action of antihistamines?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for antihistamines?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for antihistamines?
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What is the effect of histamine on the heart?
What is the effect of histamine on the heart?
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What is the primary target of allergies?
What is the primary target of allergies?
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What is the term for a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction?
What is the term for a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of antihistamines?
What is the primary mechanism of action of antihistamines?
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What is a common side effect of antihistamines?
What is a common side effect of antihistamines?
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What is the primary function of the scribe in the terminology exercise?
What is the primary function of the scribe in the terminology exercise?
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In the disease support meeting, what is the focus of the student presentations?
In the disease support meeting, what is the focus of the student presentations?
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What is the purpose of the terminology exercise in groups?
What is the purpose of the terminology exercise in groups?
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What will be released after the class according to the lecture notes?
What will be released after the class according to the lecture notes?
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What is the mechanism of action of Cromolyn Sodium?
What is the mechanism of action of Cromolyn Sodium?
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Which of the following antihistamines has the highest potential for CNS stimulation?
Which of the following antihistamines has the highest potential for CNS stimulation?
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What is the common side effect of Ethanolamines?
What is the common side effect of Ethanolamines?
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Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Phenothiazines?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of Phenothiazines?
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What is the primary use of Hydroxyzine?
What is the primary use of Hydroxyzine?
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What is the indication for Cromolyn Sodium in food allergies?
What is the indication for Cromolyn Sodium in food allergies?
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Which of the following is NOT a brand name of Cromolyn Sodium?
Which of the following is NOT a brand name of Cromolyn Sodium?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Mast Cell Stabilizers?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Mast Cell Stabilizers?
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Study Notes
Allergens and Antibodies
- An allergen is a substance that causes an allergic reaction
- An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response
- An antibody is a protein produced by the body to fight against an antigen
Allergy Symptoms
- Rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages
- Urticaria: itchy, raised patches on the skin
- Xerostomia: dry mouth
- Anaphylaxis: a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction
Histamine
- Histamine is a chemical mediator released by mast cells during an allergic reaction
- Histamine causes:
- Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, leading to hypotension and fluid leakage
- Contraction of smooth muscles, leading to bronchoconstriction and gut cramps
- Rapid heart rate and arrhythmias
Antihistamines
- Antihistamines are medications that counteract the effects of histamine
- Indications for antihistamines:
- Acute allergic reactions
- Rhinitis, dermatitis, itchy eyes, scratchy throat, and urticaria
- Dry nasal secretions
- Sedation and sleep aids
- Reduction of nausea and vomiting, including motion sickness
First Generation Antihistamines
- Sedating effects
- Anticholinergic effects
- Examples:
- Ethanolamines: most sedating, highest anticholinergic effects (e.g., Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine)
- Alkylamines: highest potential for CNS stimulation, medium for epigastric distress (e.g., Chlorpheniramine)
- Phenothiazines: high anticholinergic effects, moderate sedation (e.g., Promethazine)
- Other first-generation antihistamines: Hydroxyzine
Second Generation Antihistamines
- Less sedating
- Less anticholinergic effects
- Examples:
- Cetirizine
- Fexofenadine
- Loratadine
- Desloratadine
Antiallergic Agents
- Cromolyn Sodium: prevents release of histamine through degranulation of mast cells
- Mechanism of action: mast cell stabilizer
- Indications:
- Prophylactic in chronic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergies, and allergic conjunctivitis
- Dosage forms and strengths: Nalcrom, Opticrom, Alocril
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Description
This quiz covers concepts related to allergy, histamine, and its effects on the human body, including vascular effects and various types of allergic reactions.
