Immunity Disorders

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic reactions?

To stimulate the release of vasoactive chemicals from mast cells

To increase the production of eosinophils

To suppress the immune system's response to antigens

To block the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes (correct)

What is the primary function of Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF)?

To attract eosinophils to a particular area of the body (correct)

To stimulate the production of prostaglandins

To suppress the immune system's response to antigens

To release histamine from mast cells

What is the primary purpose of desensitization therapy?

To block the release of histamine from mast cells

To suppress the immune system's response to antigens

To gradually increase the body's tolerance to a specific allergen (correct)

To stimulate the production of eosinophils

What is the primary difference between an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder?

Allergic reactions involve the immune system's response to external antigens, while autoimmune disorders involve the immune system's response to self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the radioallergosorbent blood test (RAST)?

To detect the presence of IgE antibodies in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis?

To interfere with the release of vasoactive chemicals from mast cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of elimination diets in the diagnosis of food allergies?

To establish a cause-and-effect relationship between a specific food and an allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a localized hypersensitivity reaction and an anaphylactic reaction?

Localized hypersensitivity reactions are limited to a specific area of the body, while anaphylactic reactions are systemic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of scratch or prick testing in the diagnosis of allergies?

To identify the specific allergen responsible for an allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of antinuclear antibody titer in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders?

To identify the specific autoantigen responsible for an autoimmune disorder Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an allergic disorder?

A hyperimmune response to weak antigens that are usually harmless Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies?

Type I, atopic or anaphylactic Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which cellular and chemical events occur after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen?

Sensitization Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response reaches a peak within 6 hours after exposure to an allergen?

Type III, immune complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a massive release of histamine in an anaphylactic response?

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the acute swelling of the face, neck, lips, larynx, hands, feet, genitals, and internal organs in an anaphylactic response?

Angioedema Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response involves the phagocytosis of antigens by macrophages and the production of cytokines by sensitized T cells?

Type IV, delayed Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the immediate hypersensitivity response in terms of blood pressure?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammatory reaction that occurs in a delayed hypersensitivity response?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis?

Blockage of acetylcholine receptors by antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?

Numbness in the hands and feet Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Tensilon test in diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis?

To improve muscle strength temporarily Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing interventions in Myasthenia Gravis?

To prevent respiratory problems and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for diagnosing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

Presence of at least 4 symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Antinuclear Antibody test in SLE?

To identify autoimmune disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in SLE?

To prevent complications and minimize disability Signup and view all the answers

What is the nursing intervention to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism in SLE?

Avoiding oral contraceptives Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of teaching clients with SLE to wear a medic-alert bracelet?

To identify SLE diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the C-reactive protein test in SLE?

To measure inflammation during acute exacerbations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an autoimmune disorder?

Unrelenting, progressive tissue damage without any verifiable etiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the scratch or prick test in the diagnosis of allergies?

To determine the existence of an allergy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the acute swelling of the face, neck, lips, larynx, hands, feet, genitals, and internal organs in an anaphylactic response?

Angioneurotic edema Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of desensitization therapy?

To introduce gradually increasing doses of an allergen to the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing interventions in Myasthenia Gravis?

To manage symptoms and improve quality of life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of corticosteroids in the treatment of allergic reactions?

To reduce inflammation and swelling Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of elimination diets in the diagnosis of food allergies?

To determine the cause of an allergic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?

To suppress the immune system's response to the body's own tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cellular and chemical events occur after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen?

Immunologic memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an allergic disorder?

A hyperimmune response to weak antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the body responds to an initial exposure to an allergen?

Immunological tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response is mediated by immunoglobulin M or G antibodies?

Type II, cytotoxic Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the acute swelling of the face, neck, lips, larynx, hands, feet, genitals, and internal organs in an anaphylactic response?

Angioedema Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis?

Blockage of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of the immediate hypersensitivity response?

Antibodies interacting with allergens Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Tensilon test in diagnosing Myasthenia Gravis?

To improve muscle strength temporarily Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response involves the production of cytokines by sensitized T cells?

Type IV, delayed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing interventions in Myasthenia Gravis?

To prevent respiratory and swallowing problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a massive release of histamine in an anaphylactic response?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the criteria for diagnosing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

Need 4 or more specific symptoms and test results Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Antinuclear Antibody test in SLE?

To identify the presence of SLE Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity responses?

The duration of the response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in SLE?

To prevent complications and minimize disability Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the immediate hypersensitivity response in terms of blood pressure?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What is the nursing intervention to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism in SLE?

Avoiding oral contraceptives Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of teaching clients with SLE to wear a medic-alert bracelet?

To alert healthcare providers of the client's condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the C-reactive protein test in SLE?

To monitor the progression of SLE Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between Myasthenia Gravis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

The affected body systems Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response is characterized by the phagocytosis of antigens by macrophages and the production of cytokines by sensitized T cells?

Type IV, delayed hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which an allergic response is triggered, resulting in sensitization to an allergen?

Sensitization after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response that can cause life-threatening symptoms?

Anaphylaxis Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity response is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies?

Type I, atopic or anaphylactic Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a massive release of histamine in an anaphylactic response?

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an allergic disorder?

Hyperimmune response to weak antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which corticosteroids block the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

By inhibiting the enzyme phospholipase A2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an allergic reaction and an autoimmune disorder?

The presence of an external antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of desensitization therapy in the treatment of allergic reactions?

To diminish the IgE antibody response Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?

By diminishing the immune response to self-antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of an allergic disorder?

The presence of an external antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders?

To measure the levels of inflammatory markers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Myasthenia Gravis?

A chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by episodes of weakness in voluntary muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a diagnostic test for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

Anti-DNA antibody test Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing interventions in clients with Myasthenia Gravis?

To prevent respiratory and swallowing problems and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of corticosteroids in the treatment of autoimmune disorders?

To reduce inflammation and promote tissue growth and repair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?

Droopy eye (ptosis) and double vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in clients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

To prevent complications and minimize disability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of autoimmune disorders?

The production of autoantibodies that react with antigens to form immune complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Antinuclear Antibody test in diagnosing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

To detect the presence of autoantibodies Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Allergic Disorders

Characterized by a hyperimmune response to weak antigens that are usually harmless
Types of allergens: ingestants (food, drugs), inhalants (house dust and mites), contactants (latex), and injectants (drugs, bee venom)
Examples of allergic disorders: allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, and angioedema

Pathophysiology and Etiology

First exposure to an allergen does not produce symptoms
Sensitization: process by which cellular and chemical events occur after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen
Four types of hypersensitivity responses: type I, II, III, and IV

Immediate Hypersensitivity Response

Type I, atopic or anaphylactic: mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies
Type II, cytotoxic: mediated by immunoglobulin M or G (IgM or IgG) antibodies
Type III, immune complex: mediated by IgG antibodies
Anaphylaxis: rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response

Delayed Hypersensitivity Response

Type IV: mediated by T cells and macrophages
May develop over several hours or days

Suppression of the Allergic Response

Mechanisms: Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF), epinephrine, and corticosteroids
Assessment findings: manifestations of allergic reactions, such as shock, laryngeal edema, wheezing, and angioneurotic edema

Diagnostic Findings

Radioallergosorbent blood test (RAST)
Skin testing with extracts of various substances (antigens)
Elimination diets

Complications

Clients with inhalant allergies or allergic rhinitis may develop nasal polyps, sinus infections, secondary pulmonary infections, asthma, and epistaxis
Medical management: drug therapy, desensitization, and sublingual-swallow immunotherapy

Nursing Management

Remove rings from swollen fingers to maintain circulation
Schedule for diagnostic skin testing and avoid taking prescribed or OTC antihistamines or cold preparations for at least 48 to 72 hours before testing
Instruct on the use of Epipen and administer serial doses and monitor after desensitization
Client and family teaching to avoiding or reducing exposure

Autoimmune Disorders

Characterized by unrelenting, progressive tissue damage without any verifiable etiology
Examples: hemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis

Pathophysiology and Etiology

Causes: tissue injury theory, genetic instruction theory, and sequestered antigen theory
Assessment findings: symptoms depend on the tissues and organs affected, characteristic of an acute inflammatory response

Diagnostic Findings

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), antistreptolysin O titer, antinuclear antibody titer, and rheumatoid factor
Medical management: drug therapy, immunosuppressive agents, cytotoxic agents, and corticosteroids

Nursing Management

Obtain a family history and vital signs
Examine the client for signs of localized inflammation and compromised body functions
Assess level of energy and review laboratory test findings
Client and family teaching

Autoimmune Disorder - Myasthenia Gravis

Chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by episodes of weakness in voluntary muscles
Pathophysiology: thymus gland produces antibodies that block or reduce acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Symptoms: weakness of facial, speech, and chewing muscles, droopy eye (ptosis), diplopia (double vision), dysphagia, and dyspnea

Diagnosis

Elevated blood levels of acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Injection of Tensilon (short-acting anticholinergic) improvement in muscle strength
EMG will show increased muscle fatigue
CT scan may show a tumor of the thymus

Treatment

Anticholinesterase agents, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, and thymectomy
Nursing intervention: prevent respiratory/swallowing problems and fatigue, maintain airway, teach signs and symptoms of myasthenia crisis, and teach client and family medications must be taken on time

Autoimmune Disorders - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease that affects multiple body systems
Pathophysiology: production of autoantibodies react with antigen to form immune complexes, affecting blood and lymphatic vessels
Symptoms: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Criteria for Diagnosis

Need 4 or more of the following criteria: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Diagnostic Tests

Antinuclear antibody test, anti-DNA antibody test, C-reactive protein, ESR, CBC, and U/A and renal function studies

Treatment

No cure, focus on preventing complications, minimizing disability, and preventing organ damage
Immunosuppressive drug, steroids, and sun exposure avoidance
Nursing interventions: maintain good nutrition, balance rest and activity, stress reduction, encourage exercise, and teach signs and symptoms of infection and medication management

Allergic Disorders

Characterized by a hyperimmune response to weak antigens that are usually harmless
Types of allergens: ingestants (food, drugs), inhalants (house dust and mites), contactants (latex), and injectants (drugs, bee venom)
Examples of allergic disorders: allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, and angioedema

Pathophysiology and Etiology

First exposure to an allergen does not produce symptoms
Sensitization: process by which cellular and chemical events occur after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen
Four types of hypersensitivity responses: type I, II, III, and IV

Immediate Hypersensitivity Response

Type I, atopic or anaphylactic: mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies
Type II, cytotoxic: mediated by immunoglobulin M or G (IgM or IgG) antibodies
Type III, immune complex: mediated by IgG antibodies
Anaphylaxis: rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response

Delayed Hypersensitivity Response

Type IV: mediated by T cells and macrophages
May develop over several hours or days

Suppression of the Allergic Response

Mechanisms: Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF), epinephrine, and corticosteroids
Assessment findings: manifestations of allergic reactions, such as shock, laryngeal edema, wheezing, and angioneurotic edema

Diagnostic Findings

Radioallergosorbent blood test (RAST)
Skin testing with extracts of various substances (antigens)
Elimination diets

Complications

Clients with inhalant allergies or allergic rhinitis may develop nasal polyps, sinus infections, secondary pulmonary infections, asthma, and epistaxis
Medical management: drug therapy, desensitization, and sublingual-swallow immunotherapy

Nursing Management

Remove rings from swollen fingers to maintain circulation
Schedule for diagnostic skin testing and avoid taking prescribed or OTC antihistamines or cold preparations for at least 48 to 72 hours before testing
Instruct on the use of Epipen and administer serial doses and monitor after desensitization
Client and family teaching to avoiding or reducing exposure

Autoimmune Disorders

Characterized by unrelenting, progressive tissue damage without any verifiable etiology
Examples: hemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis

Pathophysiology and Etiology

Causes: tissue injury theory, genetic instruction theory, and sequestered antigen theory
Assessment findings: symptoms depend on the tissues and organs affected, characteristic of an acute inflammatory response

Diagnostic Findings

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), antistreptolysin O titer, antinuclear antibody titer, and rheumatoid factor
Medical management: drug therapy, immunosuppressive agents, cytotoxic agents, and corticosteroids

Nursing Management

Obtain a family history and vital signs
Examine the client for signs of localized inflammation and compromised body functions
Assess level of energy and review laboratory test findings
Client and family teaching

Autoimmune Disorder - Myasthenia Gravis

Chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by episodes of weakness in voluntary muscles
Pathophysiology: thymus gland produces antibodies that block or reduce acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Symptoms: weakness of facial, speech, and chewing muscles, droopy eye (ptosis), diplopia (double vision), dysphagia, and dyspnea

Diagnosis

Elevated blood levels of acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Injection of Tensilon (short-acting anticholinergic) improvement in muscle strength
EMG will show increased muscle fatigue
CT scan may show a tumor of the thymus

Treatment

Anticholinesterase agents, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, and thymectomy
Nursing intervention: prevent respiratory/swallowing problems and fatigue, maintain airway, teach signs and symptoms of myasthenia crisis, and teach client and family medications must be taken on time

Autoimmune Disorders - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease that affects multiple body systems
Pathophysiology: production of autoantibodies react with antigen to form immune complexes, affecting blood and lymphatic vessels
Symptoms: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Criteria for Diagnosis

Need 4 or more of the following criteria: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Diagnostic Tests

Antinuclear antibody test, anti-DNA antibody test, C-reactive protein, ESR, CBC, and U/A and renal function studies

Treatment

No cure, focus on preventing complications, minimizing disability, and preventing organ damage
Immunosuppressive drug, steroids, and sun exposure avoidance
Nursing interventions: maintain good nutrition, balance rest and activity, stress reduction, encourage exercise, and teach signs and symptoms of infection and medication management

Allergic Disorders

Characterized by a hyperimmune response to weak antigens that are usually harmless
Types of allergens: ingestants (food, drugs), inhalants (house dust and mites), contactants (latex), and injectants (drugs, bee venom)
Examples of allergic disorders: allergic rhinitis, contact dermatitis, food allergy, urticaria, and angioedema

Pathophysiology and Etiology

First exposure to an allergen does not produce symptoms
Sensitization: process by which cellular and chemical events occur after a second or subsequent exposure to an allergen
Four types of hypersensitivity responses: type I, II, III, and IV

Immediate Hypersensitivity Response

Type I, atopic or anaphylactic: mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies
Type II, cytotoxic: mediated by immunoglobulin M or G (IgM or IgG) antibodies
Type III, immune complex: mediated by IgG antibodies
Anaphylaxis: rapid and profound type I hypersensitivity response

Delayed Hypersensitivity Response

Type IV: mediated by T cells and macrophages
May develop over several hours or days

Suppression of the Allergic Response

Mechanisms: Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF), epinephrine, and corticosteroids
Assessment findings: manifestations of allergic reactions, such as shock, laryngeal edema, wheezing, and angioneurotic edema

Diagnostic Findings

Radioallergosorbent blood test (RAST)
Skin testing with extracts of various substances (antigens)
Elimination diets

Complications

Clients with inhalant allergies or allergic rhinitis may develop nasal polyps, sinus infections, secondary pulmonary infections, asthma, and epistaxis
Medical management: drug therapy, desensitization, and sublingual-swallow immunotherapy

Nursing Management

Remove rings from swollen fingers to maintain circulation
Schedule for diagnostic skin testing and avoid taking prescribed or OTC antihistamines or cold preparations for at least 48 to 72 hours before testing
Instruct on the use of Epipen and administer serial doses and monitor after desensitization
Client and family teaching to avoiding or reducing exposure

Autoimmune Disorders

Characterized by unrelenting, progressive tissue damage without any verifiable etiology
Examples: hemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and ulcerative colitis

Pathophysiology and Etiology

Causes: tissue injury theory, genetic instruction theory, and sequestered antigen theory
Assessment findings: symptoms depend on the tissues and organs affected, characteristic of an acute inflammatory response

Diagnostic Findings

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), antistreptolysin O titer, antinuclear antibody titer, and rheumatoid factor
Medical management: drug therapy, immunosuppressive agents, cytotoxic agents, and corticosteroids

Nursing Management

Obtain a family history and vital signs
Examine the client for signs of localized inflammation and compromised body functions
Assess level of energy and review laboratory test findings
Client and family teaching

Autoimmune Disorder - Myasthenia Gravis

Chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by episodes of weakness in voluntary muscles
Pathophysiology: thymus gland produces antibodies that block or reduce acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
Symptoms: weakness of facial, speech, and chewing muscles, droopy eye (ptosis), diplopia (double vision), dysphagia, and dyspnea

Diagnosis

Elevated blood levels of acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Injection of Tensilon (short-acting anticholinergic) improvement in muscle strength
EMG will show increased muscle fatigue
CT scan may show a tumor of the thymus

Treatment

Anticholinesterase agents, corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents, and thymectomy
Nursing intervention: prevent respiratory/swallowing problems and fatigue, maintain airway, teach signs and symptoms of myasthenia crisis, and teach client and family medications must be taken on time

Autoimmune Disorders - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease that affects multiple body systems
Pathophysiology: production of autoantibodies react with antigen to form immune complexes, affecting blood and lymphatic vessels
Symptoms: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Criteria for Diagnosis

Need 4 or more of the following criteria: butterfly face rash, discoid rash, sun-related rash, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, mouth sores, polyarthritis, and neurological symptoms

Diagnostic Tests

Antinuclear antibody test, anti-DNA antibody test, C-reactive protein, ESR, CBC, and U/A and renal function studies

Treatment

No cure, focus on preventing complications, minimizing disability, and preventing organ damage
Immunosuppressive drug, steroids, and sun exposure avoidance
Nursing interventions: maintain good nutrition, balance rest and activity, stress reduction, encourage exercise, and teach signs and symptoms of infection and medication management

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Description

Learn about the characteristics of allergic disorders, including the types of allergens and examples of allergic reactions. Understand how allergens enter the body and trigger intense responses.