8.4 ALL WEATHER OPERATIONS - Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the decision height specified for a Category I operation?

  • Not lower than 300 ft
  • Not lower than 50 ft
  • Not lower than 100 ft
  • Not lower than 200 ft (correct)

Which operation uses a decision height lower than 50 ft?

  • Category III B (correct)
  • Category II
  • Category III A
  • Category I

What is the minimum runway visual range (RVR) required for Category III A operations?

  • Not less than 200 m (correct)
  • Not less than 75 m
  • Not less than 550 m
  • Not less than 300 m

What determines the category of operation when decision height and runway visual range do not match?

<p>Runway visual range will determine the category (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Alert Height signify in the operational context?

<p>Height above which approach must be discontinued (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a circling approach, what is primarily used to position the aircraft for landing?

<p>Visual phase of instrument approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a Category II operation's decision height?

<p>Below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lowest reported cloud level referred to as?

<p>Cloud Base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the LVTO minima at an aerodrome?

<p>Runway lighting system and RVR measurement equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining the minimum decision height for a CAT II approach?

<p>Aircraft's approach speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where will the operating minima for a CAT II approach be shown?

<p>Aerodrome chart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CAT II operations, when can a precision approach be continued below the decision height?

<p>If sufficient visual references have been maintained (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum decision height for a CAT II approach if no other minima are specified?

<p>100 ft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an essential visual reference required for a CAT II approach?

<p>Touchdown zone lights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about CAT III operations is correct?

<p>They do not provide enough visual references for a manual landing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym DVH represent in the context of CAT II operations?

<p>Decision Vision Height (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what weather conditions should landing lights not normally be used?

<p>CAT II or CAT III weather conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Pilot Flying (PF) during an approach?

<p>Manage the approach and make decisions regarding its continuance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should the Commander prepare when approaching the Decision Height (DH)?

<p>Be prepared for a go-around without any pre-established judgement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for approaches without a Decision Height (DH)?

<p>Confirmation of aircraft position with available visual references (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a pilot do if visual references become insufficient before touchdown during an approach with DH?

<p>Initiate a go-around (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of initiating a go-around close to the ground?

<p>Contact with the ground (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Pilot Not Flying (PNF) during the approach?

<p>Monitor aircraft systems and advise on abnormalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For approaches without a DH, what primary factor dictates the decision to continue?

<p>Operational status of the aircraft and ground equipment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a pilot do if the required visual reference is lost after touchdown?

<p>Continue the rollout with the autopilot in ROLL-OUT mode. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is appropriate to a failure of any system during approach?

<p>Continue to the planned minima or revert to higher minima. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for flying during an autoland operation below CAT I minima?

<p>The Commander. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done if there is an abnormality during practice autoland?

<p>Discontinue the practice autoland. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required of operators during CAT II and CAT III operations?

<p>Continuous monitoring to detect trends. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For practices involving autoland, which condition is NOT required?

<p>All crew must be present in the cockpit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acceptable response if achieving the planned minima is not possible?

<p>Revert to a higher minima and proceed to a new Decision Height. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach procedures should all approaches preceding an autoland comply with?

<p>LVO Approach Procedures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines cloud ceiling in relation to an aerodrome?

<p>The vertical distance to the lowest cloud obscuring more than half of the sky. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Decision Altitude (DA) and Decision Height (DH)?

<p>DA relates to mean sea level and DH is referenced to the threshold elevation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Fail-Passive Flight Control System?

<p>No significant control issues arise after a failure, but automatic landing is not completed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a Fail-Operational Flight Control System defined?

<p>It operates automatically during landing even after failure, within certain limits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Fail-Operational Hybrid Landing System?

<p>To enable automated landing through primary and secondary systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the Final Approach in an instrument approach procedure begin?

<p>At the specified final approach fix or point. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pilot do in the event of a failure in a Fail-Passive automatic flight control system?

<p>They take control of the aircraft immediately after the failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of alert height in a Fail-Operational Flight Control System?

<p>It is the point where automated landing cannot continue after a failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must a pilot achieve before continuing an approach below the decision height in Category IIIB operations?

<p>Visual reference containing at least one centreline light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what visibility condition can an aerodrome be used for LVOs?

<p>If the aerodrome has been officially approved and LVP is established (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum RVR for the mid-point of a runway according to the guidelines?

<p>75 m or the RVR required for the touchdown zone, whichever is lower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landing system is mentioned as not currently used in AeroTrans Cargo operations?

<p>Hybrid landing system including a HUDLS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the controlling RVR measurement?

<p>The touchdown zone RVR is always controlling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When equivalent procedures to LVP are established at a foreign aerodrome, what is necessary?

<p>Inclusion in an appendix to OM C Chapter 2 Airport Briefings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about minimum RVR values is correct?

<p>Minimum RVR for the touch-down zone is that shown on the relevant aerodrome chart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action must a pilot take if decision height is not applicable during Category III operations?

<p>Continue approach as visual contact is not required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cloud Ceiling (BKN)

The vertical distance from the airport's elevation to the lowest visible cloud that covers more than half the sky above the airport.

Decision Altitude (DA) / Decision Height (DH)

The specific altitude where the pilot needs to initiate a missed approach if visual references for landing aren't available.

Fail-Passive Flight Control System

A flight control system that maintains control even if one part fails; the aircraft won't have a significant out-of-trim condition or deviate from its path, but the pilot takes over manually.

Fail-Operational Flight Control System

A flight control system that can automatically complete an approach, flare, and landing even if one part fails, below a specific altitude.

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Fail-Operational Hybrid Landing System

A system with a primary automatic landing system (fail-passive) and a backup independent guidance system that allows the pilot to manually land if the primary system fails.

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Final Approach

The final part of an instrument approach procedure, starting at a specified point or fix.

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LVTO Operating Minima

Minimums for Low Visibility Take Offs (LVTO) are set by the aerodrome's runway lighting system and RVR measurement equipment.

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Where to Find LVTO Minima

LVTO operating minima are detailed on the aerodrome chart for all airports that permit such take-offs.

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CAT II Operating Minima Purpose

CAT II operating minima provide enough visual references at decision height (DH) to enable either a manual landing or a missed approach.

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CAT II Minima Presentation

CAT II operating minima are displayed on the relevant approach chart for all airports facilitating CAT II approaches.

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Required Visual Reference for CAT II

A stabilized approach in CAT II conditions requires visual confirmation of a certain set of ground references before DH is reached.

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CAT III Operating Minima

CAT III operating minima lack adequate visual references, meaning a manual landing is impossible.

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Decision Height (DH) Limits for CAT II

The DH for CAT II operations cannot be lower than the minimum decision height specified in the AFM (if stated) or the minimum height required for the precision approach aid functionality, among other factors.

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Visual Reference Requirements for CAT II

CAT II operations require specific visual references, including a segment of at least three continuous lights (like runway centerlines or edge lights) and a lateral element of the ground pattern (like approach lighting crossbars).

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Alert Height

A height above the runway where a Category III approach must be discontinued and a missed approach initiated if a specific failure occurs on the aircraft.

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Category I (CAT I) Operation

A precision instrument approach and landing using ILS, MLS, or PAR with a decision height of at least 200 ft and an RVR of at least 550 m.

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Category II (CAT II) Operation

A CAT II approach is a precision instrument approach and landing using ILS/MLS with a Decision Height between 100 ft and 200 ft, and an RVR of at least 300 m.

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Category III (CAT III) Operation

Category III operations are further divided into CAT IIIA and CAT IIIB.

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Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) Operation

A Category III landing using ILS or MLS with a decision height lower than 100 ft and an RVR of at least 200 m.

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Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) Operation

A Category III landing using ILS or MLS with a decision height lower than 50 ft or no decision height, and an RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m.

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Categories of Aircraft

The method of classifying an aircraft based on its threshold speed to determine its weather minima for landing.

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Circling Approach

The visual phase of an instrument approach where the aircraft circles to align itself with the runway for landing when a straight-in approach is not possible.

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Visual Reference Lost After Touchdown

A go-around is not attempted if the required visual reference is lost after touchdown. Continue rollout with autopilot in ROLL-OUT mode until taxi speed.

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AFDS Failure During Approach

If an AFDS system, instrument or element fails during approach, there are three possible responses: continue to the planned minima, revert to higher minima, or go-around and reassess.

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Autoland Below CAT I Minima

Autoland operation below CAT I minima is only permitted on runways equipped with ILS certified for CAT II and CAT III operations. The Commander is the pilot flying and the first officer is the non-flying pilot. No role reversal is permitted.

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Role Reversal in Autoland

For autoland below CAT I minima, the Commander will be the pilot flying and the first officer will perform the duties of the pilot non-flying. No role reversal is permitted.

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Approach Procedures Before Autoland

All approaches preceding an autoland must be performed according to LVO Approach Procedures, with the exception that the RHS pilot may act as PF under CAT I or better weather conditions.

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Mandatory Autoland

An autoland is mandatory following any approach in CAT II or CAT III conditions.

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Autoland Practice

Autoland practice may be performed by either pilot when the runway is ILS equipped, weather minima are CAT I or better, and aircraft equipment operational.

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CAT II/III Operations Monitoring

CAA regulation requires operators to continuously monitor CAT II and CAT III operations to detect potential hazards before they occur. This is achieved through flight crew reports.

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Category IIIB Approach with Fail-Operational Systems

A visual reference containing at least one centreline light must be attained and maintained before a pilot can continue an approach below the decision height.

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Aerodrome Requirements for Low Visibility Operations (LVOs)

The aerodrome must be approved by the State and have established Low Visibility Procedures (LVP) to be used for landing operations below 800m visibility.

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Equivalent Procedures for Foreign Aerodromes

Procedures equivalent to LVP may be accepted if the term LVP is not used in an LVO at a foreign aerodrome. However, these procedures must adhere to the requirements of LVP.

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Runway Visual Range (RVR) Measurement System

A system of calibrated transmissometers measures RVR and accounts for ambient background light and runway light intensity.

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RVR Measurement Locations

RVR measurements are provided for three portions of the runway: touchdown zone, mid-runway, and rollout zone.

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Controlling RVR Values

The touchdown zone RVR is always the controlling factor. If reported and relevant, mid-point and stop-end RVR are also controlling.

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Minimum RVR Values for Landing Operations

Minimum RVR values are specified based on location: touchdown zone, mid-point, and stop-end. The minimum for the mid-point can be reduced to 75m for aircraft with roll-out guidance.

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Minimum RVR for Touchdown Zone

The minimum RVR for the touchdown zone is determined by the relevant aerodrome chart.

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Landing lights in CAT II or CAT III

Landing lights are not normally used in CAT II or CAT III weather conditions due to a reduction in visibility caused by reflection from water droplets or snow

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Pilot Flying vs. Pilot Not Flying responsibilities

The Pilot Flying is responsible for managing the approach and deciding whether to continue or go-around. The Pilot Not Flying monitors aircraft systems and alerts the Pilot Flying of any issues affecting performance

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Decision Height (DH)

The Decision Height (DH) represents the lowest point in the decision zone where the Pilot Flying evaluates visual references to determine if the approach can continue or if a go-around should be initiated

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DH decision preparation

Before reaching the Decision Height, the pilot flying should be prepared for a go-around but without making a pre-determined judgement

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Approaches without a Decision Height (DH)

The decision to continue an approach without a Decision Height (DH) does not rely on visual references. However, it’s important to confirm the aircraft position with available visual references for good airmanship

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Approach quality and visual references

The decision based on the quality of the approach and how the visual references develop as the DH is approached

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Loss of visual references after DH

If the required visual references become insufficient after the decision to continue the approach, or if the flight path deviates significantly, a go-around must be initiated

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Go-around near the ground

A go-around initiated close to the ground may increase the risk of ground contact, but it must be continued to ensure a safe landing

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Study Notes

All Weather Operations

  • Terminology:
    • Alert Height: The height above the runway where a Category III approach is stopped, and a missed approach is started if a failure occurs (specific to aircraft type).
    • Category I (CAT I) Operation: Precision instrument approach and landing using ILS/MLS with a minimum decision height of 200 ft. and a minimum runway visual range (RVR) of 550 m.
    • Category II (CAT II) Operation: A precision approach and landing using ILS/MLS, with a decision height below 200 ft (minimum 100 ft), and a minimum RVR of 300 meters (1000 ft.).
    • Category III (CAT III) Operation: Subdivided into CAT III A and CAT III B.
      • Category III A: Decision height below 100 ft, with minimum RVR of 200 m.
      • Category III B: Decision height below 50 ft (or no decision height), with minimum RVR of 75 m, but not less than 200 m.
    • Circling Approach: A visual instrument approach to land on a runway not positioned for a straight approach.
    • Cloud Base: The lowest reported cloud level (FEW).
    • Cloud Ceiling: The height from the aerodrome to the cloud base (BKN, or broken clouds).
    • Decision Altitude (DA) / Height (DH): The altitude/height, where a missed approach is initiated if required visual references are not established (DA=MSL, DH=Threshold elevation)
    • Fail-passive Flight Control System: A flight control system with no significant out-of-trim condition or deviation of flight path during a failure.

Additional Terms

  • Fail-Operational Flight Control System: Flight control system where a failure or malfunction, below alert height, can be completed automatically.
  • Fail-Operational Hybrid Landing System: System with a primary automatic landing system and a secondary independent guidance system.
  • Final Approach: Part of the instrument approach procedure that commences from a final approach fix or point.
  • Low Visibility Operations (LVO): Take-offs and approaches with RVR below 400 m.
  • Minimum Descent Altitude/Height (MDA/H): The altitude/height when a non-precision approach will prevent descent without visual reference.
  • Missed Approach Point (MAPt): Point in the approach procedure where the missed approach procedure must be initiated.
  • Non-Precision Approach and Landing Operation: Instrument approach and landing without using electronic glide path guidance.
  • Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height (OCA/H): The lowest altitude/height above an elevation level that is used in compliance criteria.
  • Obstacle Clearance Limit (OCL): Height above the aerodrome elevation, where the minimum vertical obstacle clearance cannot be maintained.

Other Operational Details

  • Precision Approach and Landing Operation: Instrument approach and landing using high precision azimuth and glide path guidance.
  • Required Visual Reference (RVR): The amount of runway visible to the pilot in relation to the desired flight path.
  • Runway Visual Range (RVR): The distance a runway surface marking or lights can be seen from the centreline of a runway.
  • Visual Approach: An instrument approach procedure using visual references to terrain.
  • Operating Minima: (for non-precision and Cat I operations) determined in accordance with other operation parameters.
  • Low Visibility Take-Off (LVTO): Operations with RVR less than 400 m.
  • Low Visibility Taxi (LVTO): Operations for taxiing in low visibility conditions.

Runway Visual Range (RVR) Requirements

  • RVR Measurements: Provided by calibrated transmissometers, considering ambient light and runway lights.
  • Touchdown Zone (TDZ): Controls the minimum RVR.
  • Mid-runway portion (MID) and rollout portion/stop end (RO) - provide control.

Aircraft Stabilization on Final Approach

  • Steps to be taken by 1000 ft HAA (IMC/VMC)
    • Speed maintenance between Vref and Vref +20
    • Vertical speed less than 1000ft/min
    • Bank angle less than 15 degrees
    • Thrust above idle and appropriate landing configuration.
    • Position for touchdown zone.

Autoland Operations

  • Only permissible on runways with certified ILS equipment for CAT II and CAT III operations.
  • Pilot flying and pilot non-flying duties (roles not to be reversed).

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All Weather Operations PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on All Weather Operations, including key terminologies such as Alert Height and different Categories of instrument approaches. This quiz will deepen your understanding of precise landing operations under various weather conditions. Perfect for aviation students and professionals.

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