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Questions and Answers
What is an example of a geminal di-halide?
What is an example of a geminal di-halide?
Which reaction is characterized by the equation RX + Nu → RNu + X¯?
Which reaction is characterized by the equation RX + Nu → RNu + X¯?
What type of di-halide structure does 2,2-Dichloropropane represent?
What type of di-halide structure does 2,2-Dichloropropane represent?
What is a method of synthesizing di-halides from alcohols?
What is a method of synthesizing di-halides from alcohols?
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Which functional group is typically excluded in the synthesis of Grignard reagents?
Which functional group is typically excluded in the synthesis of Grignard reagents?
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What distinguishes primary alkyl halides from secondary and tertiary alkyl halides?
What distinguishes primary alkyl halides from secondary and tertiary alkyl halides?
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Which of the following is a correct IUPAC name for the compound CH3-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH3?
Which of the following is a correct IUPAC name for the compound CH3-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH3?
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Which reaction mechanism is associated with a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2)?
Which reaction mechanism is associated with a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2)?
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What is a characteristic feature of vicinal di-halides?
What is a characteristic feature of vicinal di-halides?
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Which alkyl halide is typically classified as tertiary?
Which alkyl halide is typically classified as tertiary?
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What is the common name for the compound CH3-CH2-Cl?
What is the common name for the compound CH3-CH2-Cl?
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In the preparation of Grignard reagent, which of the following components is essential?
In the preparation of Grignard reagent, which of the following components is essential?
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Which type of alkyl halide is most likely to undergo an SN1 reaction mechanism?
Which type of alkyl halide is most likely to undergo an SN1 reaction mechanism?
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What type of reaction is represented by the equation CH₃Br + NaOH → CH₃OH + NaBr?
What type of reaction is represented by the equation CH₃Br + NaOH → CH₃OH + NaBr?
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Which factor is NOT significant in influencing nucleophilic substitution reactions?
Which factor is NOT significant in influencing nucleophilic substitution reactions?
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In unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1), what is a key characteristic of the rate-determining step?
In unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN1), what is a key characteristic of the rate-determining step?
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Which of the following best describes an SN2 reaction mechanism?
Which of the following best describes an SN2 reaction mechanism?
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Which statement about the nature of the nucleophile in nucleophilic substitution reactions is true?
Which statement about the nature of the nucleophile in nucleophilic substitution reactions is true?
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Study Notes
Halogenated Organic Compounds: Alkyl Halides
- Alkyl halides are also known as haloalkanes (RX)
- Classification of alkyl halides is based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom bearing the halogen.
- Primary (1°): one carbon atom bound to the carbon bearing the halogen
- Secondary (2°): two carbon atoms bound to the carbon bearing the halogen
- Tertiary (3°): three carbon atoms bound to the carbon bearing the halogen
- Nomenclature:
- Common names: use the common name for the alkyl group and the halogen, followed by "chloride", "bromide", or "iodide."
- IUPAC names: follow IUPAC rules for naming alkanes, with the halogen substituent treated as a prefix.
- Specify location of the halide using numerical prefixes
- Prefixes like "di-" and "tri-" when more than one halogen is present.
- Objectives:
- Preparation of Grignard reagents: involves reacting alkyl halides with magnesium in dry ether
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions:
- SN2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution): a concerted, one-step reaction where the nucleophile attacks the carbon atom at the back, pushing out the halogen. It's more common with primary alkyl halides.
- SN1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution): a two-step reaction, starting with the ionization of the alkyl halide into a carbocation and a halide ion. The nucleophile then attacks the carbocation. It's favored with tertiary alkyl halides.
- Synthesis
- From hydrocarbons: formation via free radical mechanisms (e.g., halogenation of alkanes), or through addition reactions following Markovnikov's rule.
- From alcohols: conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides by reacting with hydrogen halides
- Factors affecting nucleophilic substitution reactions (SN2 and SN1)
- Structure of alkyl halides: alkyl halides with 3° or more substituted carbons favor SN1 reactions
- Nature of nucleophile: strong nucleophiles (e.g., cyanide, alkoxides)favor SN2 reactions, and weak nucleophiles favor SN1 reactions.
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Description
This quiz covers the classification, nomenclature, and reactivity of alkyl halides, including their preparation and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Test your knowledge on primary, secondary, and tertiary types along with IUPAC naming conventions. Ideal for students studying organic chemistry.
