16 Questions
What is the difference between alkyl halides, vinyl halides, and aryl halides?
Alkyl halides have halogen bonded to sp3 carbon, vinyl halides have halogen bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene, and aryl halides have halogen bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring.
What is the nomenclature of alkyl halides?
Finding the longest carbon chain, naming it as the parent, changing the name of the halogen to halo, and numbering the parent chain accordingly.
What is the mechanism of SN2 reactions?
Bimolecular, with the nucleophile attacking from 180 degrees away from the leaving group, resulting in the inversion of configuration.
What is the Zaitsev rule?
If more than one elimination product is possible, the most-substituted alkene is the major product.
What are Grignard reagents?
Organometallic compounds produced by the reaction of alkyl halides with Mg metal.
What is the difference between SN1 and SN2 reactions?
SN2 reactions are bimolecular, while SN1 reactions are unimolecular.
What is the difference between E1 and E2 reactions?
E2 reactions are bimolecular, while E1 reactions are unimolecular.
What is the product of the reaction between alkenes and halogen acids?
Markovnikov alkyl halides.
What is the nomenclature for 2-bromo-4-ethylpentane?
2-bromo-4-ethylpentane
What is the major product of the reaction between propene and HBr?
2-bromopropane
What reagent is commonly used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides?
thionyl chloride
What type of reaction produces Grignard reagents?
addition
What is the mechanism for SN1 reactions?
unimolecular
What factor does the rate of SN2 reactions depend on?
concentration of nucleophile
What is the Zaitsev rule?
the most-substituted alkene is the major product
Which type of alkyl halide is the most reactive in SN2 reactions?
methyl
Study Notes
Alkyl Halides: Nomenclature, Synthesis, Reactions, and Elimination
- Alkyl halides have halogen directly bonded to sp3 carbon, while vinyl halides have halogen bonded to sp2 carbon of alkene, and aryl halides have halogen bonded to sp2 carbon on benzene ring.
- Carbon-halogen bond in alkyl halides is polar, with carbon having a partial positive charge, making it susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The halogen can leave with the electron pair.
- The nomenclature of alkyl halides involves finding the longest carbon chain and naming it as the parent, changing the name of the halogen to halo, and numbering the parent chain accordingly.
- Examples of named alkyl halides include 3-bromo-3-ethylpentane, 2-iodo-5-chloro-3-fluorocyclohexane, and cis-1-bromo-3-methylcyclohexane.
- Alkenes undergo addition reactions with halogen acids, such as HCl, HBr, and HI, to produce Markovnikov alkyl halides.
- Converting alcohols to alkyl halides involves reacting alcohols with hydrogen halides or using reagents such as thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide.
- Alkyl halides react with Mg metal to produce Grignard reagents, which are organometallic compounds that can react with water, HCl, or CH3OH to produce hydrocarbons or ethers.
- Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve nucleophiles replacing halides in C-X bonds. SN2 reactions are bimolecular, with the nucleophile attacking from 180 degrees away from the leaving group, resulting in the inversion of configuration. SN1 reactions are unimolecular and involve a carbocation intermediate.
- The rate of SN2 reactions depends on the concentration of both the alkyl halide and nucleophile, while SN1 reactions depend only on the concentration of the substrate. SN2 reactions are sensitive to steric effects, with methyl halides being the most reactive and tertiary halides being unreactive.
- The E2 reaction is a bimolecular elimination reaction that generates an alkene. The Zaitsev rule states that if more than one elimination product is possible, the most-substituted alkene is the major product.
- The E1 reaction is a unimolecular elimination reaction that competes with SN1 and E2 reactions at 3° centers.
- Homework problems include naming alkyl halides, predicting products of reactions, and identifying reaction mechanisms.
Test your knowledge on all things alkyl halides with this comprehensive quiz! From nomenclature to synthesis, reactions, and elimination, this quiz covers it all. Challenge yourself to identify named alkyl halides, predict reaction products, and understand the mechanisms behind nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions. Whether you're a chemistry student or just interested in the topic, this quiz is sure to expand your understanding of alkyl halides.
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