Alkanes: Organic Chemistry Lecture

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Questions and Answers

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+1

CnHn

CnH2n+2 (correct)

CnH2n-2

What is the simplest alkane?

Ethane

Propane

Butane

Methane (correct)

What is the main source of alkanes?

Natural gas and petroleum (correct)

Natural gas and wood

Petroleum and coal

Natural gas and coal

What is the difference between each member of the alkane series?

A -CH2 group (methylene group) Signup and view all the answers

What does IUPAC stand for?

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Signup and view all the answers

What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes classified as?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of saturated compounds?

Two carbon atoms are linked together via a single bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of methane in natural gas?

60-80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the general molecular formula for cycloalkanes?

CnH2n Signup and view all the answers

What is the simplest cycloalkane?

Cyclopropane Signup and view all the answers

How are cycloalkanes named?

According to the number of carbon atoms in the ring with the prefix cyclo-added Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of cyclopropane in the field of medicine?

As an anesthetic agent Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of hydrogens in a cycloalkane when a ring is formed?

The number of hydrogens decreases by two Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of cycloalkanes in the pharmaceutical industry?

As an organic solvent Signup and view all the answers

What is the class suffix for alkanes?

ane Signup and view all the answers

How should the parent chain be numbered in alkane nomenclature?

Starting from the end closer to the substituent Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why alkanes are soluble in non-polar compounds?

Because they are non-polar compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend of the melting point of alkanes with increase in molecular weight?

It increases Signup and view all the answers

Why are alkanes called paraffins?

Because they are chemically unreactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main use of some alkanes in dentistry?

As anesthetics and solvents Signup and view all the answers

When choosing the parent chain, what should be done if there are more than one different chain of equal length?

Choose the one with the greater number of branches Signup and view all the answers

What is the force that attracts alkane molecules?

Intermolecular van der Waals force Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds.
Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but may also include other elements such as nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds drawn in an open-chain format.
They can be classified into two types: saturated and unsaturated compounds.

Saturated Compounds

Saturated compounds are those in which two carbon atoms are linked together only via a single bond.
Alkanes are a type of saturated compound.

Alkanes

Alkanes are organic compounds that consist of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups.
All alkanes have the formula CnH2n+2.
The simplest alkane is methane.
Alkanes with unbranched carbon chains are called normal alkanes.
Each member of the series differs from the next higher and the next lower member by -CH2 group (methylene group).
Sources of alkanes are natural gas and petroleum.

Nomenclature of Alkanes

Alkanes are named according to the following rules:
- Class suffix is ane.
- Choose the longest chain of carbon atoms and name it.
- Number the parent chain, starting at the end closer to the substituent.
- Identify the substituent and its positions.
- Attach the number and name of the substituent to the name of the parent in alphabetical order.

Physical Properties of Alkanes

Alkanes are non-polar compounds.
The attractive forces between molecules are weak.
The first four members are gases at room temperature, while the C5 to C17 alkanes are liquids.
Soluble in non-polar compounds and insoluble in water.
Alkanes are colorless and odorless by nature.
The intermolecular Vander Waal force attracts alkane molecules.
Alkanes with stronger intermolecular van der Waals forces have higher boiling points.
The melting point of alkanes follows the same trend as their boiling point, increasing with increase in molecular weight.

Importance of Alkanes in Dentistry

Anesthetics: Some alkanes, like halothane, have been used as inhalation anesthetics in dental procedures.
Solvents: Alkanes serve as solvents for various dental materials.
Impression Materials: Hydrocarbon-based impression materials are widely used in dentistry.
Waxes: Dental waxes, used for modeling and casting, often contain alkanes.
Lubricants: Alkanes find applications as lubricants for dental instruments and equipment.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring.
General molecular formula: CnH2n.
The simplest cycloalkane is cyclopropane.
Nomenclature of cycloalkanes:
- Cycloalkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the ring with the prefix cyclo-added.
- If C ring = or > C substituent, it is named as an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane.
- If C ring < C substituent, it is named as a cycloalkyl-substituted alkane.

Uses of Cycloalkanes

In the pharmaceutical industry, they are employed as organic solvents.
Cancer patients are treated with carboplatin, a drug synthesized from cyclobutane.
Used as perfumes in the perfume industry and as pigments.
Cyclopropane is employed as an anesthetic agent in the field of medicine.
It is also utilized in petroleum industries.

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Learn about the definition of organic chemistry, its scope, and properties of carbon-containing compounds. This quiz covers Alkanes, a topic in organic chemistry.