Organic Chemistry: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Heterocyclic Compounds

• Imidazole is a heterocyclic compound and an important component of the drug cimetidine, used for treating stomach ulcers.
• Porphyrin ring, found in hemoglobin and chlorophyll, is a heterocyclic compound.
• Metronidazole is a heterocyclic compound commonly used to combat anaerobic bacterial and parasitic infections.

Alkenes

• The defining characteristic of alkenes is the presence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Cyclic Alkanes

• Cyclohexane is an example of a cyclic alkane.

Incomplete Combustion

• When alkanes undergo incomplete combustion, they produce soot, carbon monoxide, and water vapor.
• Incomplete combustion in car engines is a concern because it can lead to the formation of air pollutants and reduce engine efficiency.

Aromatic Compounds

• Electrophilic substitution reactions involve the exchange of the hydrogen attached to carbon with other groups or atoms in aromatic compounds.

Alpha 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatriene

• Alpha 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatriene is responsible for the odor and color of green apples, and its composition is C₁₂H₂₀.

Toluene

• The primary use of toluene, an aromatic compound, is as a solvent and a precursor to other chemicals.

Toxicity

• Benzene is considered toxic when taken internally and is also considered to be carcinogenic.