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Questions and Answers
What is the condensed formula for pentane?
What is the condensed formula for pentane?
Which alkane has the formula C4H10?
Which alkane has the formula C4H10?
How many carbon atoms are present in hexane?
How many carbon atoms are present in hexane?
What prefix is used for alkanes with seven carbon atoms?
What prefix is used for alkanes with seven carbon atoms?
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Which of the following is the correct name for CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3?
Which of the following is the correct name for CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3?
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What is the molecular formula for propane?
What is the molecular formula for propane?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of n-butane?
Which of the following is a characteristic of n-butane?
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What distinguishes neopentane from other isomers of pentane?
What distinguishes neopentane from other isomers of pentane?
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Which alkane is represented by the molecular formula C2H6?
Which alkane is represented by the molecular formula C2H6?
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Which structure shows a primary carbon?
Which structure shows a primary carbon?
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What is the correct name for the compound with the longest chain CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)2?
What is the correct name for the compound with the longest chain CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)2?
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In the nomenclature of alkanes, which group is typically considered when naming a compound like H3C-CH-CH2-CH3?
In the nomenclature of alkanes, which group is typically considered when naming a compound like H3C-CH-CH2-CH3?
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Which of the following compounds is named using the longest continuous chain principle?
Which of the following compounds is named using the longest continuous chain principle?
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Which of these options correctly identifies a substituent in the molecule CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3?
Which of these options correctly identifies a substituent in the molecule CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3?
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When converting a branched alkane to its simplest form, which action is primarily taken?
When converting a branched alkane to its simplest form, which action is primarily taken?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry studies carbon-containing compounds
- These compounds form the basis of life on Earth
- Organic compounds are diverse in structure and function
Steric Effect
- Steric effect is an influence on reaction rate
- Caused by the space-filling properties of atoms or groups
- Located near the reacting site of a molecule
- Independent of electronic effects
Steric Hindrance
- Spatial arrangement within a molecule
- Atoms or groups hinder or slow down reactions
- Usually severe with bulky groups
- Results in altered products
Classification of Organic Compounds
- Classified by functional groups and principal series
- Functional groups are reactive parts of molecules
- These groups dictate a compound's family
Isomers
- Isomers are compounds with identical molecular formulas
- But differ in the bonding of their atoms' sequence
- Or differ in their atoms' arrangement in space
Types of Isomers
- Structural (constitutional) isomers: same atoms, different order/connectivity
- Stereo isomers: same atom connections, different 3D arrangement
- Conformational isomers
- Configurational isomers
- Enantiomers (mirror images)
- Diastereomers (not mirror images)
- Geometric (cis-trans or E-Z)
- Meso compounds
Structural Isomers (Constitutional)
- Skeletal isomers: differ in the carbon skeleton structure
- Positional isomers: differ in the location of a functional group
- Functional isomers: differ in the type of functional group
Nomenclature of Alkanes
- IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) system
- Rules for naming organic compounds
- Find the longest continuous carbon chain
- Number the carbons to give lowest numbers to the substituents
- Name and locate each substituent group (in alphabetical order)
- If two or more substituents are the same, use prefixes (di, tri, tetra)
Types of Carbon & Hydrogen
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons
- Primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogens
Classes of Organic Reactions
- Substitution reactions: one group replaces another
- Elimination reactions: removal of a small molecule like water
- Addition reactions: addition of a molecule to another
- Rearrangement reactions: rearrangement of atoms within a molecule
Isomerism in Alkanes
- n-alkanes: no branches from the main chain
- Iso-alkanes: branch located at end of longest chain
- Neo-alkanes: multiple branched at the end of the longest chain
- Methods of preparation (in industry and laboratory )
Degrees of unsaturation
- Calculating the degree of unsaturation from the molecular formula of a compound - used to predict presence of ring structures or double/triple bonds.
Hydrocarbon Classification
- Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
- Alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons)
- Alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons with triple bond
- Arenes (aromatic).
Preparation of Alkanes
- From alkyl halides (reduction or Grignard reagents)
- From alkenes (catalytic hydrogenation)
- From aldehydes/ketones (reduction)
- From carboxylic acids (decarboxylation or Kolbe's electrolysis)
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Description
Test your knowledge on alkanes, their formulas, and nomenclature rules with this quiz. Questions cover various aspects such as identifying molecular formulas, naming alkanes, and understanding structural features. Perfect for chemistry students seeking to reinforce their understanding of organic compounds.
