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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of alkanes at room temperature?
What is the primary characteristic of alkanes at room temperature?
- They readily form multiple bonds.
- They are stable and unreactive. (correct)
- They only react in the presence of acids.
- They are highly reactive.
Which of the following best describes halogenation?
Which of the following best describes halogenation?
- Formation of ethers from alkanes.
- Addition of hydrogen atoms to an alkane.
- Replacement of hydrogen atoms with halogens. (correct)
- Elimination of halogens from alkanes.
What type of reaction mechanism is employed in the halogenation of alkanes?
What type of reaction mechanism is employed in the halogenation of alkanes?
- Electrophilic addition.
- Free radical substitution. (correct)
- Nucleophilic substitution.
- Electrocyclic reaction.
Under what conditions does the halogenation of alkanes occur?
Under what conditions does the halogenation of alkanes occur?
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In the chlorination of methane, what is produced during the initiation step?
In the chlorination of methane, what is produced during the initiation step?
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Which halogen has the highest reactivity in the halogenation of alkanes?
Which halogen has the highest reactivity in the halogenation of alkanes?
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Study Notes
Alkanes and Reactivity
- Alkanes are generally unreactive and stable at room temperature.
- Alkanes are often called paraffins, which means lacking affinity for other substances.
Halogenation
- Halogenation is the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound with a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).
- The halogenation of an alkane is a free radical substitution reaction.
- A C-H bond is broken, and a new C-X bond is formed.
- This reaction only occurs in the presence of heat or UV light; no reaction takes place in the dark.
Halogenation Reaction
-
RH + X2 ⢠RX + HX
- RH: An alkane
- X2: Halogen (Cl2, Br2, etc.)
- RX: Alkyl halide
- HX: Hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr, etc.)
- X: Chlorine (Cl) or Bromine (Br)
Reactivity
- Cl2 is more reactive than Br2.
Chlorination of Methane
- Initiation: Cl2 → 2Cl (radicals created)
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