Alkaline Earth Metals Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the reason beryllium salts exhibit acidity when dissolved in water?

  • The Be-O bond weakens the O-H bonds, promoting proton loss. (correct)
  • They release hydroxide ions into the solution.
  • They form strong ionic bonds with water.
  • They neutralize bases, creating an acidic environment.

What is the primary structural advantage of beryllium in aerospace applications?

  • Its high melting point.
  • Its lightweight and strength. (correct)
  • Its high thermal conductivity.
  • Its magnetic properties.

Which alkaline earth metal is known to be used as a reducing agent in the extraction of other metals?

  • Francium
  • Calcium (correct)
  • Radium
  • Beryllium

Which Group II metal hydroxide is soluble in NaOH?

<p>Be(OH)2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons do Group 2 elements have in their S orbital of the valence shell?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaline earth metal is known for its anomalous behavior?

<p>Beryllium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general trend in atomic radius among the alkaline earth metals?

<p>It increases from beryllium to radium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaline earth metal has the highest density?

<p>Radium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ionization energy of alkaline earth metals compare to that of alkali metals?

<p>It is higher. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes alkaline earth metals from alkali metals in terms of valence electrons?

<p>They have two valence electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of barium?

<p>It has a higher atomic radius than magnesium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are alkaline earth metals considered strong reducing agents?

<p>They readily donate multiple electrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the additional charge on the nucleus of alkaline earth metals?

<p>It attracts the orbital electrons more strongly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy required to remove a second electron from an alkaline earth metal after one electron has been removed?

<p>It nearly doubles compared to the first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic makes the compounds of divalent ions in alkaline earth metals diamagnetic?

<p>Inert gas electron configuration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is magnesium commonly extracted from its sources?

<p>By electrolysis of sea water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction do alkaline earth metals undergo with cold water?

<p>They form metal hydroxides and release hydrogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaline earth metal hydroxide is amphoteric and insoluble in water?

<p>Beryllium hydroxide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the oxides formed from alkaline earth metals?

<p>Beryllium oxide is amphoteric. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly used for the extraction of calcium from its compounds?

<p>Electrolysis of fused CaCl2 and CaF2. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the basic strength of group 2 hydroxides change?

<p>It increases moving down the group. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaline earth metal hydride is polymeric and covalent?

<p>BeH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes beryllium from other alkaline earth metals?

<p>Beryllium has a higher electronegativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical property applies to the alkaline earth metals when reacting with halogens?

<p>They form halides in the form MX2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural characteristic of beryllium salts in water?

<p>Beryllium salts are extensive hydrolysates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of complex does magnesium form that is essential for plant life?

<p>Chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a property of beryllium compared to other group II metals?

<p>It is amphoteric. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which interaction is not true about beryllium compared to aluminium?

<p>Be salts and Al salts both yield acids in hydrolysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound does barium produce when it reacts with hydrogen?

<p>BaH2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2 elements in the periodic table, including beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.

Reducing Agents

Substances that readily lose electrons, causing another substance to gain electrons.

Size of Group II Atoms/Ions

Group II atoms and ions are larger than Group I counterparts but smaller due to higher nuclear charge, affecting electron orbital positions.

Hardness of Group II Metals

Group II metals are harder than Group I metals due to stronger metallic bonding, leading to higher cohesive energy.

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Ionization Energies (Group II)

The energy required to remove an electron from a Group II atom; higher than for Group I counterparts because outer electrons are bound more tightly.

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Valence Electrons in Group II

Group II elements have two valence electrons, which participate in metallic bonding.

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Beryllium's Anomalous Behaviour

Beryllium, the first member of Group II, exhibits properties different from the other members due to its small size and high charge density.

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Group II Compounds

Group II elements form ionic compounds, typically divalent (with a +2 charge).

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Beryllium salts acidity in water

Beryllium salts are acidic because the strong Be-O bond weakens the O-H bonds in water, causing a tendency for protons (H+) to be released.

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Alkaline Earth Metal Reduction Potential

The reduction potential of alkaline earth metals is less than that of alkali metals.

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Group 2 valence shell electrons

Group 2 elements have 2 electrons in their outermost S orbital.

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Ionization Energy Trend (Group 2)

Ionization energy generally increases across Group 2, from Ba to Be.

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Soluble Group 2 Hydroxide in NaOH

Beryllium hydroxide (Be(OH)2) is soluble in sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

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Alkaline Earth Metals Reactivity

Group 2 metals are less reactive than Group 1 metals when reacting with water.

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Beryllium's Water Reaction

Beryllium's reaction with water is unusual and potentially incomplete, differing from the typical behavior of other Group 2 metals.

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Magnesium & Water Reaction

Magnesium reacts slowly with hot water, forming metal hydroxide and hydrogen.

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Group 2 Hydroxide Basicity

The basic strength of group 2 metal hydroxides increases as you go down the group (Ca, Sr, Ba).

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Beryllium Oxide Amphoterism

Beryllium oxide (BeO) dissolves in both acids and bases, demonstrating amphoteric properties.

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Magnesium Oxide & Water Reaction

Magnesium oxide (MgO) reacts with water to form magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), a weak base.

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Calcium Oxide & Water Reaction

Calcium oxide (CaO) reacts readily with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), a moderately strong base.

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Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Formation

All alkaline earth metals burn in oxygen to form simple metal oxides (MO).

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Alkaline earth metal peroxides

Alkaline earth metals like strontium and barium form peroxides when heated in oxygen, but beryllium, magnesium, and calcium do not.

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Alkaline earth metal hydrides

All alkaline earth metals, except beryllium, react directly with hydrogen to form hydrides (MH2). These hydrides are reducing agents.

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Beryllium hydride

Beryllium hydride (BeH2) is covalent and polymeric, unlike other alkaline earth metal hydrides, which are ionic.

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Alkaline earth metal halides

All alkaline earth metals directly combine with halogens at specific temperatures to form halides (MX2).

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Beryllium halides

Beryllium halides are covalent and polymeric, differing from other Group 2 halides.

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Diagonal relationship (Be-Al)

Beryllium and aluminum exhibit similar properties (polarizing power, amphoterism, hydrolysis) due to similar ionic radii and charge density.

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Magnesium in Chlorophyll

Magnesium is central to the chlorophyll molecule, a crucial component for photosynthesis in plants.

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Study Notes

Alkaline Earth Metals (Group II)

  • Group II elements are reactive metals
  • Located in group 2 of the periodic table
  • Examples include Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra)

General Properties

  • Size: Atoms are large, but smaller than corresponding Group I elements. Ions are large, but even smaller than corresponding Group I ions due to effective nuclear charge increase after electron removal
  • Hardness: Hard, higher melting points than Group I metals due to stronger metallic bonding
  • Ionization Energies: High, with high values required to remove second electrons. The first ionization energy is higher than for Group 1 elements
  • Reducing Agents: Strong reducing agents, but less than corresponding alkali metals. Calcium is commonly used as a reducing agent in non-aqueous solutions like liquid ammonia.
  • Colour and Magnetism: Compounds are diamagnetic and colorless due to a complete electron configuration in the ions
  • Electronic Structure: All have 2 electrons in their outermost s orbital

Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium

  • Small size and high electronegativity: Be behaves differently from other Group II elements due to its small size and high effective nuclear charge.
  • Complex Formation: Forms complexes not typical of other group 2 metals.
  • Amphoteric Behavior: Be(OH)₂ is amphoteric, meaning it acts as both an acid and a base.
  • Solubility: Be salts, are highly soluble

Important Compounds and Reactions

  • Oxides: All react with oxygen to form oxides (MO). Beryllium oxide is amphoteric.
  • Hydroxides: Hydroxides (M(OH)₂) increase in basicity down the group.
  • Peroxides: Elements down the group (Sr and Ba) form peroxides (MO₂) more easily.
  • Reactions with Other Substances: Can react with water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and with halogens to form metal halides

Extraction of Alkaline Earth Metals

  • Beryllium (Be): Obtained by electrolysis of molten chlorides, often with added sodium chloride to lower temperature
  • Magnesium (Mg): Electrolysis of molten MgCl₂ usually obtained from sea water
  • Other elements (Ca, Sr, Ba): Reduction of corresponding oxides, or electrolysis of their chlorides.

Uses of Alkaline Earth Metals

  • Beryllium: Used in rockets and spacecraft due to its light weight and strength.
  • Magnesium: Reducing agent, used in alloys for aircraft bodies
  • Calcium: Reducing agent, in toothpaste, household detergents, and acid treatment
  • Barium: Used in diagnostics (Barium sulfate), and as a bleach (Barium peroxide).

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Inorganic Chemistry - Lecture 6 (PDF)

Description

Explore the properties and characteristics of alkaline earth metals in Group II of the periodic table. This quiz delves into their reactivity, atomic size, hardness, ionization energies, and more. Test your knowledge on elements like Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium.

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