Podcast
Questions and Answers
The presence of which item suggests a relaxed or resting environment?
The presence of which item suggests a relaxed or resting environment?
- A comfortable pillow (correct)
- A cluttered desk
- A bright, sunny window
- A formal suit
What does the person's posture likely indicate about their state?
What does the person's posture likely indicate about their state?
- Vigilance
- Deep concentration
- Physical exertion
- Relaxation or sleep (correct)
Considering the person's appearance and attire, what can be inferred about the setting?
Considering the person's appearance and attire, what can be inferred about the setting?
- A medical facility
- A casual or home environment (correct)
- A competitive sports event
- A formal workplace
What aspect of the image most strongly suggests the subject is at rest?
What aspect of the image most strongly suggests the subject is at rest?
Based on the image, what time of day is it most likely to be?
Based on the image, what time of day is it most likely to be?
What does the patterned fabric likely indicate about the setting?
What does the patterned fabric likely indicate about the setting?
Given the subject's position, what activity is least likely to occur immediately next?
Given the subject's position, what activity is least likely to occur immediately next?
If the person were to wake up suddenly, what might they initially experience?
If the person were to wake up suddenly, what might they initially experience?
Considering the visible details, what is the most reasonable assumption about the person's immediate plans?
Considering the visible details, what is the most reasonable assumption about the person's immediate plans?
Which element in the image suggests comfort rather than necessity?
Which element in the image suggests comfort rather than necessity?
What might the choice of clothing suggest about the person's activities prior to resting?
What might the choice of clothing suggest about the person's activities prior to resting?
What detail provides the strongest cue about the environment's primary purpose?
What detail provides the strongest cue about the environment's primary purpose?
What is likely to be true about the ambient temperature of the environment?
What is likely to be true about the ambient temperature of the environment?
What can be inferred about the level of external noise in the environment?
What can be inferred about the level of external noise in the environment?
Considering the person's position, what state is least likely?
Considering the person's position, what state is least likely?
If an alarm were to sound, what would likely be the initial reaction?
If an alarm were to sound, what would likely be the initial reaction?
What feature about the arm most suggests it is relaxed and not tense?
What feature about the arm most suggests it is relaxed and not tense?
What is the likely source of the light in the image?
What is the likely source of the light in the image?
What can be logically inferred about the air quality?
What can be logically inferred about the air quality?
What is the general emotional tone suggested in the image?
What is the general emotional tone suggested in the image?
Flashcards
Sleep
Sleep
The state of inactivity characterized by altered consciousness, reduced sensory activity, and inhibited muscle activity.
Study Notes
Algorithmic Game Theory
- Algorithmic Game Theory involves the study of multi-agent decision problems.
- It provides a framework for discussing multi-agent problems.
Selfish Routing Model
- This model involves a directed graph $G(V, E)$.
- There are 'r' source-destination pairs $(s_i, t_i)$.
- $r_i$ represents the rate of traffic from $s_i$ to $t_i$.
- Each edge 'e' has a cost/latency function $l_e(x)$ which depends on the flow 'x' on edge 'e'.
- The flow vector 'f' indicates how traffic from each $(s_i, t_i)$ is routed, with $f_p$ being the flow on path 'p'.
- Cost of path 'p' can be expressed as the sum of latencies of edges on 'p': $\sum_{e \in p} l_e(f_e)$.
- The total cost $C(f)$ of the flow is the average latency experienced by the traffic, $\sum_{p \in P} f_p \cdot l_p(f) = \sum_{e \in E} f_e \cdot l_e(f_e)$.
Wardrop Equilibrium
- Wardrop equilibrium arises when all traffic from $s_i$ to $t_i$ is routed along paths of minimum latency.
- Definition: A flow 'f' is at Wardrop equilibrium if, for every source-destination pair $(s_i, t_i)$ and paths $p$ and $p'$ where $f_p > 0$, the path latency adheres to the rule $l_p(f) \le l_{p'}(f)$.
Social Optimality
- Socially optimal flow minimizes the total latency.
- It can be expressed as $f^* = argmin_f C(f)$.
Example: Parallel Links
- Consider two parallel links with defined latency functions.
- $l_1(x) = 1$ is the latency function for the first link.
- $l_2(x) = x$ is the latency function for the second link.
- Rate of traffic is 1.
Wardrop Equilibrium in the Example
- Traffic is split evenly; flow on link 1 is 1/2, and flow on link 2 is also 1/2.
- Under Wardrop equilibrium, the average cost is $\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{3}{4}$.
Social Optimum in the Example
- All traffic flows through link 1, thus, flow on link 1 is 0, and flow on link 2 is 1.
- The resulting cost is $1 \cdot 1 = 1$.
Price of Anarchy
- Definition: Price of anarchy (PoA) quantifies inefficiency, measured as the ratio between the cost of Wardrop equilibrium and social optimum.
- $PoA = \frac{C(f)}{C(f^)}$ where 'f' is a Wardrop equilibrium and $f^$ is the social optimum.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
