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Questions and Answers
What is the dosage of Prenoxad in 0.4 ml syringes for intramuscular administration?
What is the name of the medication for opioid overdose available in intramuscular and intranasal forms in Australia?
What is the name of the initiative that supplies Take-Home Naloxone products in Australia?
What is the term for the cumulative effect of early onset of risk factors leading to a long-term risk trajectory?
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What is the term for the concurrent experience of multiple risks increasing the likelihood of harmful drug use?
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Which factor is noted to impact upon morbidity, morality, and health-risk behaviours such as drug use?
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What is the name of the medication available for intranasal administration with a dosage of 1.8 mg in 0.1 ml?
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What is the term for the social disadvantage characterized by low socioeconomic status?
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What is likely to arise due to economic discrepancies?
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According to Bonomo (2004), what can negatively influence individuals in a community?
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What happens to the external source of control as you move down the income scale?
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How do more unequal countries perform compared to the least unequal ones?
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What is associated with higher levels of fibrinogen in the blood?
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What is a consequence of exposure to violence, trauma, abuse, and mental illness?
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Which drug type was used 6.1 times more often by the most advantaged?
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What was the trend in alcohol consumption among 14-17-year-olds from 2022-2023?
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What is a key protective factor in preventing drug use disorders?
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According to the trends, what has decreased in Australia from 1991 to 2023?
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What is the leading cause of death for Australians of all ages?
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What is the estimated frequency of non-fatal overdoses compared to fatal overdoses in Australia?
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What is the category of drugs that includes ice and MDMA?
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What is the percentage of unintentional overdose deaths accounted for by Australians aged 40 and above?
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What is the increase in the number of unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants from 2001 to 2020?
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What is the ranking of overdose as a cause of death for Australians in their twenties?
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What is the increased risk of becoming an injecting drug user for a male child with an ACE score of 6 compared to a male child with an ACE score of 0?
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What is the increase in risk for smoking for a male child with an ACE score of 6 compared to a male child with an ACE score of 0?
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What is the role of genetic factors in substance abuse?
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What can parental disapproval of drug use lead to?
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What can academic failure in Year 1 predict?
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What is a risk factor for drug use according to the text?
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What is the impact of earlier drug initiation on future abuse?
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What is the impact of poor academic achievement on job opportunities?
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What is a factor that influences an individual's choice to use drugs?
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Which of the following is a macro-environmental factor that affects drug use?
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What is a characteristic associated with drug use in some cultural groups?
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Why do Aboriginal people who drink tend to drink at harmful levels?
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What is a protective factor against drug use for some individuals born outside Australia?
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What is a factor that can minimize boredom and drug use?
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What is a common misconception about Aboriginal people and drug use?
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What is a role model that can influence drug use?
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Study Notes
Drug Use Disorders
- Drug use disorders don't have a single cause, but rather are influenced by a range of risk and protective factors from individual, familial, and societal contexts.
- Risk factors predict initiation to drug use and the risk of problems later in life, while protective factors decrease the chances of addiction and mediate or moderate risk factors.
Trends
- In Australia, someone dies from an overdose every four hours, and non-fatal overdoses occur at around 30 times this frequency.
- Overdose is a leading cause of death for Australians of all ages, and it is the second- and third-leading cause of death for those in their thirties and twenties, respectively.
- Stimulant overdose is becoming more common, with a ten-fold increase in unintentional drug-induced deaths involving stimulants over the last two decades.
- Pharmaceutical opioids, including methadone and heroin, are also contributing to unintentional drug-induced deaths.
Take-Home Naloxone
- Take-Home Naloxone is an emergency medication for opioid overdose, available in intramuscular and intranasal forms.
- Prenoxad is available in 400μg doses for intramuscular administration, while Nyxoid is available for intranasal administration with a dosage of 1.8mg in 0.1ml.
- Take-Home Naloxone is supplied through the Needle Syringe Program in Australia.
Determinants of Drug Use Disorders
- Risk factors include the "snowball effect" of early onset of risk factors leading to a cumulative effect on long-term risk trajectory, and the "snowstorm effect" of multiple risks experienced concurrently increasing the likelihood of harmful drug use.
- Socioeconomic status (SES) is a significant factor, with low SES individuals experiencing higher drug use and problems.
- Maternal ill health can result in poor cognitive development in the uterus, leading to learning disorders and behavioral difficulties at school.
- Resilience is a key protective factor, enabling individuals to be well-adjusted and interpersonally effective in the face of adverse environments.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- Low SES is associated with higher drug use and problems, with disadvantaged communities experiencing higher rates of drug use and addiction.
- The disparity between the rich and the poor has a significant impact on morbidity, morality, and health-risk behaviors, including drug use.
Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
- Children affected by abuse or neglect have a higher risk of problems later in life, including a 4,600% increase in risk of becoming an injecting drug user.
- ACEs have a significant impact on risk of smoking, alcohol dependency, and other health-risk behaviors.
Genetics and Family Factors
- Genetic factors influence substance metabolism, temperament, and behavioral traits, and interact with the environment to predispose individuals to drug use.
- Family dynamics, including harmony and support, impact drug use risks, and parental drug use and modeling behaviors affect children's attitudes towards substances.
Education
- Academic failure and learning or behavioral difficulties in school can contribute to drug use risks, and can lead to separation from the school community and impact on self-image.
Personality and Age of Initiation
- Rebelliousness, non-conformity, and resistance to authority are risk factors, and sensation-seeking traits contribute to adventurous behavior.
- Earlier drug initiation increases the risk of future abuse, and peer associations, familial norms, and mental health impact initiation.
Peer Factors
- Peers strongly predict future drug abuse, and peer modeling and shared rebelliousness influence choices.
Macro-Environmental Factors
- Social norms, help options, media portrayal, advertising, and association with desired characteristics (e.g. sociability, masculinity, rebelliousness) all impact drug use.
- Societal attitudes to drug use, legal responses, and societal problems also influence drug use behaviors.
Protective Factors
- Ethnicity can be a protective factor, depending on factors such as family cohesion, rules, and cultural norms, and parental supervision.
- Education can be a protective factor, minimizing boredom and providing pro-social contact and positive adult relationships.
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Description
Understand the key concepts of drug use disorders, including risk and protective factors at individual, familial, and societal levels. Learn how these factors influence the initiation and development of drug use problems.
