Podcast
Questions and Answers
ما هي أفضل طريقة لمساعدة الضحية إذا كنت غير مدرب على الإنقاذ؟
ما هي أفضل طريقة لمساعدة الضحية إذا كنت غير مدرب على الإنقاذ؟
ما الذي يجب فعله إذا كنت في مياه عميقة والضحية تحتاج إلى إنعاش قلبي رئوي؟
ما الذي يجب فعله إذا كنت في مياه عميقة والضحية تحتاج إلى إنعاش قلبي رئوي؟
ما هو الموقف الآمن الذي يجب أن تنام فيه الرضع لتقليل خطر متلازمة الموت المفاجئ؟
ما هو الموقف الآمن الذي يجب أن تنام فيه الرضع لتقليل خطر متلازمة الموت المفاجئ؟
ما المشروع الذي يجب اتخاذه لكي لا يكون هناك خطر من تهوية الهواء أثناء عملية التنفس الاصطناعي؟
ما المشروع الذي يجب اتخاذه لكي لا يكون هناك خطر من تهوية الهواء أثناء عملية التنفس الاصطناعي؟
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ما هي الطريقة الموصى بها لتغطية الرضيع أثناء النوم؟
ما هي الطريقة الموصى بها لتغطية الرضيع أثناء النوم؟
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ما هو الهدف الرئيسي من الإسعافات الأولية؟
ما هو الهدف الرئيسي من الإسعافات الأولية؟
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من يمكنه تقديم الإسعافات الأولية؟
من يمكنه تقديم الإسعافات الأولية؟
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ما الذي يجب فعله عند الاعتراف بحالة طوارئ؟
ما الذي يجب فعله عند الاعتراف بحالة طوارئ؟
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ما هي إحدى الأدوات الأساسية في حقيبة الإسعافات الأولية؟
ما هي إحدى الأدوات الأساسية في حقيبة الإسعافات الأولية؟
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ماذا يجب تجنبه عند التعامل مع حالة طوارئ؟
ماذا يجب تجنبه عند التعامل مع حالة طوارئ؟
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ما الذي يمكن استخدامه كبديل للقفازات عند عدم توفرها؟
ما الذي يمكن استخدامه كبديل للقفازات عند عدم توفرها؟
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ما الذي يجب القيام به في حالة صدمة كهربائية؟
ما الذي يجب القيام به في حالة صدمة كهربائية؟
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ما هو العنصر الذي لا يمكن تضمينه في حقيبة الإسعافات الأولية؟
ما هو العنصر الذي لا يمكن تضمينه في حقيبة الإسعافات الأولية؟
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ما هو أحد الأسباب المحتملة لإصابات الرأس والعمود الفقري؟
ما هو أحد الأسباب المحتملة لإصابات الرأس والعمود الفقري؟
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ما هي إحدى التوجيهات الوقائية لتفادي إصابات الرأس والعمود الفقري؟
ما هي إحدى التوجيهات الوقائية لتفادي إصابات الرأس والعمود الفقري؟
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ما هو أحد علامات وأعراض إصابة الرأس؟
ما هو أحد علامات وأعراض إصابة الرأس؟
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ماذا يجب فعله إذا كان هناك احتمال بوجود إصابة في العمود الفقري؟
ماذا يجب فعله إذا كان هناك احتمال بوجود إصابة في العمود الفقري؟
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ما هي إحدى علامات إصابات الدماغ؟
ما هي إحدى علامات إصابات الدماغ؟
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ما هي حالة طبية خطيرة قد تنتج عن إصابة الرأس؟
ما هي حالة طبية خطيرة قد تنتج عن إصابة الرأس؟
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ما هي علامة متأخرة على إصابة الدماغ قد تتطلب رعاية طبية فورية؟
ما هي علامة متأخرة على إصابة الدماغ قد تتطلب رعاية طبية فورية؟
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ما هي إحدى علامات إصابة العمود الفقري؟
ما هي إحدى علامات إصابة العمود الفقري؟
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ما هو المصطلح الطبي الذي يصف حالة تشابه الصدمة بعد تحرير جزء من الجسم بعد فترة طويلة من الضغط؟
ما هو المصطلح الطبي الذي يصف حالة تشابه الصدمة بعد تحرير جزء من الجسم بعد فترة طويلة من الضغط؟
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ما هو العامل الذي لا يؤثر على حدوث متلازمة الضغط؟
ما هو العامل الذي لا يؤثر على حدوث متلازمة الضغط؟
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ما هو أقصى وقت يمكن للعضلات أن تتحمل فيه فقدان الدورة الدموية قبل موت الخلايا؟
ما هو أقصى وقت يمكن للعضلات أن تتحمل فيه فقدان الدورة الدموية قبل موت الخلايا؟
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ما هي المادة التي يتم إطلاقها من الخلايا العضلية عند فقدان الدورة الدموية؟
ما هي المادة التي يتم إطلاقها من الخلايا العضلية عند فقدان الدورة الدموية؟
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ما هو التأثير السلبي لمتلازمة الضغط على القلب؟
ما هو التأثير السلبي لمتلازمة الضغط على القلب؟
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ما هي العلامة التي تظهر على الجسم والتي تدل على إصابة الضغط؟
ما هي العلامة التي تظهر على الجسم والتي تدل على إصابة الضغط؟
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ماذا يجب القيام به في حال إصابة شخص بجرح مفتوح كبير؟
ماذا يجب القيام به في حال إصابة شخص بجرح مفتوح كبير؟
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ماذا يجب القيام به في حالة إصابة شخص بجسم غريب مثبت في جسمه؟
ماذا يجب القيام به في حالة إصابة شخص بجسم غريب مثبت في جسمه؟
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ما هي العوامل غير القابلة للمنع التي تؤثر على صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية؟
ما هي العوامل غير القابلة للمنع التي تؤثر على صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية؟
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ما هي أفضل طريقة للحفاظ على مستوى الكوليسترول الصحي؟
ما هي أفضل طريقة للحفاظ على مستوى الكوليسترول الصحي؟
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ما هي الخطوة الأولى التي يجب اتخاذها عند العثور على شخص غير مستجيب للتنفس؟
ما هي الخطوة الأولى التي يجب اتخاذها عند العثور على شخص غير مستجيب للتنفس؟
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ما هي علامات عدم وجود تنفس عند شخص؟
ما هي علامات عدم وجود تنفس عند شخص؟
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ما هي أهمية إنعاش القلب والرئة (CPR)؟
ما هي أهمية إنعاش القلب والرئة (CPR)؟
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ما هي الخطوات الأساسية لإنعاش القلب والرئة (CPR)؟
ما هي الخطوات الأساسية لإنعاش القلب والرئة (CPR)؟
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ما هي أنواع العوامل التي تؤثر على صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية؟
ما هي أنواع العوامل التي تؤثر على صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية؟
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ما هي أشهر علامات الإصابة بنوبة قلبية؟
ما هي أشهر علامات الإصابة بنوبة قلبية؟
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ما هي علامة وجود انسداد جزئي في مجرى الهواء؟
ما هي علامة وجود انسداد جزئي في مجرى الهواء؟
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ما هي الخطوات الصحيحة لفتح مجرى الهواء في حالة عدم استجابة الضحية؟
ما هي الخطوات الصحيحة لفتح مجرى الهواء في حالة عدم استجابة الضحية؟
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ما هي أهمية وضع الضحية على جانبه الأيسر؟
ما هي أهمية وضع الضحية على جانبه الأيسر؟
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ما هي علامات التقييم الثانوي لحالة الضحية؟
ما هي علامات التقييم الثانوي لحالة الضحية؟
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ما هو الغرض من سؤال الضحية عن _ الأحداث التي أدت إلى الإصابة_ عند استخدام نموذج SAMPLE؟
ما هو الغرض من سؤال الضحية عن _ الأحداث التي أدت إلى الإصابة_ عند استخدام نموذج SAMPLE؟
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ما هي الخطوة الأولى في فحص صدر الضحية؟
ما هي الخطوة الأولى في فحص صدر الضحية؟
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ما هي بعض علامات الإصابة في الأطراف؟
ما هي بعض علامات الإصابة في الأطراف؟
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ما هو الهدف من تقييم _ التلاميذ_ في عين الضحية؟
ما هو الهدف من تقييم _ التلاميذ_ في عين الضحية؟
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Study Notes
First Aid Overview
- First aid is the immediate care given to a victim of an injury or sudden illness before professional medical help arrives.
- It is crucial and can potentially save a life.
- Not all treatments are needed in first aid.
- Immediate action is vital in many injury cases.
Who Can Provide First Aid?
- Anyone can provide first aid, even a bystander.
- No extensive training is usually required.
- Friends, family members, coworkers, and bystanders can help.
Situations Requiring First Aid
- Cardiac and respiratory arrest
- Electrical shock
- Wounds
- Bleeding
- Burns
- Fractures and traumatic injuries
- Poisoning
- Drowning
- Snake bites
Goals of First Aid
- Maintain life
- Prevent the injury or illness from worsening
- Promote early recovery
- Ensure the victim receives further medical care
- Provide comfort and reassurance until professional help arrives
Deciding to Help
- Recognizing the need for first aid is a critical first step
- Aware that deciding whether to help can be difficult in some situations e.g. concerning the risk of exposure to blood, etc.
Staying Prepared
- Know the first aid techniques
- Be confident in your skills.
- Have a personal first-aid kit at home and in the car.
- Know how to contact emergency medical services (EMS).
First Aid Kit Contents
- Bandages/dressings
- CPR mask
- Adhesive tape
- Sterile dressings
- Eye/skin wash
- Medical gloves
- Scissors/tweezers
- Burn gel & spray
Improvising First-Aid Supplies
- Use plastic bags, dish gloves, leather work gloves for gloves.
- Use clean clothing, bedding, or towels for gauze.
- Use straight sections of wood, plastic, cardboard, or metal for splints.
Using EMS
- Don't transport a victim yourself unless it's an immediate life-threatening situation (e.g. fire, significant danger, etc).
- Call EMS immediately if you recognize any life-threatening injuries or illnesses.
When to Call EMS
- Unresponsiveness
- Difficulty breathing
- Chest pain
- Severe bleeding
- Head or spine injuries
- Poisoning (drug overdoses)
- Seizures
- Severe burns
- Drowning
- Suicide
- Childbirth
Legal Considerations in First Aid
- Get the victim's consent before providing first aid.
- Act only within your training and abilities.
- Don't try to move or transport a victim yourself, unless in immediate danger or it's impossible to get professional help.
- Call EMS for professional help.
- Keep giving care until help arrives.
Preventing Disease Transmission
- Avoid contact with a victim's blood and other body fluids.
- Treat all victims as potentially infectious.
- Wear appropriate protective equipment (e.g. gloves) to prevent exposure to bodily fluids, etc.
- Practice good hygiene techniques before, during, and after providing first aid.
Bloodborne Diseases
- Pathogens carried in blood and some bodily fluids may be transmitted through contact.
- HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are examples of bloodborne diseases.
- Tears, sweat, urine do not usually carry pathogens.
Acting in an Emergency
- Recognize the emergency.
- Check the scene for safety
- Call 110
- Check the victim
- Provide first aid.
- Ensure the victim receives further medical attention.
Assessing the Victim
- Initial assessment: check for life-threatening conditions (responsiveness, breathing, severe bleeding).
- Secondary assessment: get a history from the victim or bystanders about what happened and perform a physical examination.
Responsiveness
- A responsive person gives clear verbal or physical responses to cues, i.e. cries, speaks or moves.
- A responsive individual may be conscious but cannot speak, cry or cough due to an obstructed airway.
Unresponsiveness
- Unresponsiveness is a critical emergency, and immediate action is required.
- If a person is lying on their back, their tongue may block the airway.
AVPU Scale
- A: Alert and oriented to time, place, and person
- V: Responsive to verbal stimuli
- P: Responsive to painful stimuli
- U: Unresponsive to all stimuli
Checking for Breathing
- For a responsive victim: look for talking, crying, and check for wheezing (partial blockage).
- For an unresponsive victim: look, listen, and feel for breathing, tilt the head back and lift the chin for easier airflow, if no breathing, provide rescue breaths.
Face-Up Position
- If unable to determine if an unresponsive victim is breathing, place the victim on their back and check for breathing.
Rescue Breaths
- Used for victims with heart or breathing arrest if the victim still has a pulse.
- Oxygen is blown into the lungs via the mouth to ensure oxygenated blood reaches organs.
Respiratory Emergency
- Ineffective breathing leads to a lack of oxygen delivery to the brain cells, which can be fatal.
- Respiratory arrest and distress are the primary types.
- Airway blockage, such as from a foreign object, can cause respiratory arrest.
Respiratory Emergencies (Examples)
- Nervous system depression (electrical shock, drug overdose)
- Airway obstruction (food blockage, trauma)
- Chest trauma (chest wall damage, lung injuries)
- Carbon monoxide poisoning (from fire smoke inhaling)
- Cardiac problems (reduce blood flow which may affect oxygen delivery to vital organs)
Preventing Respiratory Arrest
- Prevention focuses on common causes: drowning, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), choking, and cardiac arrest.
Preventing Drowning
- Adult drowning is often related to alcohol consumption.
- Supervision is crucial to prevent child drowning in unsupervised settings like bathrooms or pools.
- Do not drink and swim or dive into unknown or shallow water.
First Aid for Drowning
- Don't attempt rescue if not trained
- When not a good swimmer, try to provide help by using ropes, sticks, etc
- When on a boat, rescue from one end.
- In deep water, don't start CPR until shallow water is reached.
Preventing SIDS
- Place infants on their backs to sleep and avoid using soft bedding or pillows; keep a safe environment.
- Maintain a normal room temperature and avoid smoke around babies.
Choking Care
- Partial airway obstruction: responsive victim can usually cough the blockage out. Encourage coughing and help the victim incline.
- Total airway obstruction: victim may look frantic, and have difficulty speaking, coughing or breathing, or becoming unresponsive. Apply Heimlich maneuver.
Heimlich Maneuver
- A procedure to dislodge foreign bodies obstructing the trachea or windpipe (using one hand).
Position of the victim during Heimlich maneuver
Abdominal Thrusts (Heimlich Maneuver)
- A procedure for helping a victim who is choking.
Situations where Heimlich Maneuver is Not Appropriate
- Pregnant women or very obese individuals
- Children under one year of age
Treating Unresponsive Choking Victims
- Open airway and check for breathing for unresponsive victims
- If not breathing, start CPR
Choking Care for Responsive Infants
- Support infant's head and torso.
- Provide gentle back blows and chest thrust until removal of foreign object
- Position infant on their back.
- Provide 5 back blows (between shoulder blades) or 5 chest thrust with 2 fingers.
- If there is no success, provide CPR.
Bites and Stings:
- Most animal bites are not medical emergencies, but potentially can be. The treatment is for bleeding, infections or pain and the case can become a medical emergency if the victim is allergic.
- Rabies is a serious viral disease spread by certain animal bites; it is vital to seek immediate medical care for the injuries.
Animal Bites: First Aid
- Clean the wounds with water and mild soap, do not use alcohol
- Control bleeding and cover wounds with a dressing
- Call 110 for immediate help if there is a serious bite or wound.
Snake Bites
- Treat all snake bites as potentially dangerous.
- Keep the victim still calm and lying down, and the bitten area below heart level .
- Wash the wound using water and mild soap to reduce infection risks.
- Cover wound with a sterile dressing
- Call 110 for immediate medical help.
Scorpion Stings: First Aid
- Call 911 or other emergency services.
- Wash the wound with water and soap.
- Apply ice or a cold pack to the sting area.
- Seek medical attention unless symptoms are very mild.
Spider Bites: First Aid
- Clean the wound with water and soap.
- Apply direct pressure to reduce bleeding.
- Cover the wound with a clean bandage.
- Seek medical attention immediately.
Marine Stings (Jellyfish): First Aid
- Remove any tentacles.
- Apply hot water to reduce stinging. If pain returns, re-immerse in warm water.
- Treat any allergic reactions.
Emergency Childbirth
- The situation requires immediate responses.
- Call EMS.
- Assure the mother, keep her calm and comfortable, and ensure her privacy.
- Place towels under the mother to prevent blood contamination and keep her clean.
- Support the baby as it emerges to help avoid injury.
Bleeding Control
- Bleeding may be minor or life-threatening.
- Most external bleeding can be controlled with first aid techniques.
- Injuries damage blood vessels, causing external or internal bleeding.
- The body has processes to naturally stop bleeding.
External Bleeding: Control (Minor Bleeding)
- Minor bleeding stops by itself or with light pressure.
- Clean and dress the wound.
External Bleeding: Control (Serious Bleeding)
- Elevate the injured limb.
- Apply direct pressure to the wound using a sterile dressing.
- If suspected a fracture or implanted object, apply indirect pressure by compressing the artery.
Pressure Bandages
- Use a pressure bandage to keep a dressing in place.
- Make sure the bandage is not too tight, as this may compromise circulation and increase the harm to the victim.
- Monitor for signs of circulation problems (i.e. discoloration, numbness, swelling).
Preventing Bloodborne Infections
- Wear gloves, or use the victim's hand; practice effective hand-hygiene techniques and disinfect contaminated objects after contact with the victim and the scene.
Epistaxis (Nose Bleed)
- Tilt the victim's head down to prevent blood flow to throat.
- Pinch nostrils together to stop blood flow
- Call for medical help if the bleeding persists.
- If bleeding does not stop within 20 minutes seek urgent medical care.
Internal Bleeding
- Internal bleeding occurs when blood vessels break inside the body, and not from open wounds.
- Blunt force injuries or other internal causes can produce internal bleeding.
- Symptoms include bruises, swelling or pain in some specific organs, or vomiting/excrement containing blood.
- If internal bleeding is suspected, the body should be kept warm and the victim should seek immediate medical attention.
Shock:
- Shock occurs when organs do not receive enough oxygenated blood.
- Symptoms may include rapid pulse, breathing difficulties, dizziness, fainting, confusion, and decreased blood pressure.
- First aid includes placing the victim in a stable position and maintaining a warm temperature.
Causes of Shock
- Hypovolemic shock: Severe bleeding (internal or external), severe burns
- Cardiogenic shock: Heart attack, heart failure, ventricullar fibrillation.
- Neurogenic shock: Spinal cord injury
- Anaphylactic shock: Insect stings, food, medication
Signs & Symptoms of Shock
- Anxiety, restlessness
- Confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness.
- Rapid and shallow breathing.
- Rapid heart beat and low blood pressure
- Pale, ashen, and cool skin.
- Nausea and thirst.
First Aid for Shock
- Ensure the victim's airway is open.
- Control bleeding, if applicable
- Position the victim on their back and elevate their legs.
- Keep a close watch on the victim's breathing
- Maintain their body temperature.
- Don't give the victim anything to eat or drink.
Anaphylaxis:
- A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.
- Causes include certain drugs, foods, insect stings, and bites.
- Symptoms include skin flushing, itching or burning and rash, sneezing, watery eyes or nose, coughing, gastrointestinal upset, symptoms may worsen to anxiety, difficulty swallowing, struggling to breathe, and loss of consciousness.
- First aid includes observing for early signs of anaphylaxis, calling emergency services immediately, and giving Epinephrine (if applicable).
Wounds:
- Injuries to the skin and potentially deeper tissues.
- Types of open wounds: Abrasions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, amputations.
- Types of closed wounds: those not affecting the skin.
Cleaning Wounds:
- The priority is to control bleeding with direct pressure or other means.
- Clean the wound with soap and running water.
- Use sterile gauze to remove any dirt.
- Dry the wound carefully.
- Apply a dressing larger then the wound and bandage.
Dressing and Bandaging Wounds:
- Choose a dressing larger than the wound.
- If blood seeps through add more dressing.
- Firmly but not tightly bandaged (to avoid cutting off circulation) to keep dressing in place.
- Do not cover fingers and toes unless injured.
- Wrap a bandage from the bottom of the affected limb upward to avoid cutting off circulation.
Alert! (Wound Care)
- Do not try to clean large wounds after bleeding is controlled.
- Avoid using alcohol or iodine on the wound.
- Avoid breathing or blowing on the wound.
- Do not scrub a wound
Wound Infections
- May occur in any open wound.
- Pathogens may be transmitted from one person to another.
- Symptoms of infection include pain, swelling, redness, pus, and fever.
Tetanus (Lockjaw)
- Tetanus is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that may occur as a result of soil-borne bacteria entering the body through wounds.
- Early symptoms include a stiff neck and jaw, and other symptoms like muscle spasms.
- Seek immediate and professional medical help to prevent the risk of complications.
When to Seek Medical Attention for Wounds
- Bleeding that does not stop easily
- Deep wounds or large wounds
- Wounds on the face
- Signs and symptoms of infection :
- Animal or human bites
- Puncture wounds
- Wounds requiring stitches.
Special Wounds
- Closed wounds
- Use ice and elevation to treat closed wounds.
- Puncture wounds
- Clean puncture wounds by pressure and washing with running water. Do not insert anything inside the wound. Seek professional help when needed.
- Impaled objects
- Support and stabilize the object, apply bandage cautiously around the wound. Do not attempt to remove impaled objects. Seek professional medical help.
- Avulsion wounds
- Wrap the severed body part in a sterile dressing, and put the dressing in a plastic bag with ice.
- Crush injuries
- Immediately contact EMS in case of crush injuries & follow their instructions.
Crush Injuries and Crush Syndrome
- Crush injury is caused by prolonged pressure on a body part.
- Crush syndrome is a serious medical condition resulting in a release of damaging substances within the tissues when pressure is released.
- The affected area is usually one or several of the limbs, with risk of severe internal bleeding and potentially death.
Causes of Head and Spinal Injuries
- Motor vehicle crashes
- Falls from height
- Sports activities (diving, skiing, etc)
Preventing Head and Spinal Injuries: Safety Guidelines
- Use seat belts and shoulder restraints
- Use approved car seats for babies and children
- Wear appropriate helmet and hard hats during sports, etc.
- Avoid risky activities under the influence of drugs, alcohol and medication.
- Don't dive in shallow waters.
Assessing Head and Spinal Injuries
- Examine both head and spinal injuries.
- Look for possible fractures, blood or fluid, and signs of uneven pupils.
Symptoms of Head and Spinal Injuries:
- Deformity to the head, neck, back (observe for inconsistencies in form)
- Disorientation or Dizziness.
- Change in responsiveness (observe if the patient responds to cues).
- Inability to properly move the body
- Unequal pupils.
- Clear fluid from the nose or ears.
- Stiff neck.
- Loss of bladder or bowel control and/or numbness to the affected body regions.
Managing Head and Spinal Injuries
- During initial assessment, reposition the victim to open the airway and check for breathing.
- Be mindful of a possible spinal injury when moving the patient.
- Maintain the victim's head and spinal position to prevent movement.
- If any signs of injury or problems are detected, immediately contact EMS.
Skull Fractures
• If someone has experienced a possible blow to their head, ensure to carefully check for any signs of bleeding or internal problems before performing any treatment.
- Assess the victim for a skull fracture or brain injury cautiously.
Brain Injuries:
- Signs and symptoms include: Headache, nausea and vomiting
- Unresponsiveness, confusion, difficulty concentrating
- Convulsions, numbness, loss of sensation
- Paralysis of body area, weakness
- Unequal pupil sizes
Concussion:
- A temporary impairment of brain function usually not permanent damage.
- Symptoms include brief loss of responsiveness, memory loss around the trauma, temporary confusion, moderately altered mental status, and headache.
Lower Back Injuries
- Lower back injuries usually result from forceful movements or activities, as opposed to trauma.
- Symptoms include pain in the lower back, stiffness and reduced back movement.
- Proper first aid is to treat the patient for shock, to monitor breathing and provide supportive care, maintaining the body temperature.
Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis Injuries
- Injuries to the chest, abdomen or pelvis can result from blunt or penetrating forces.
- Blunt traumas include motor vehicle accidents, falls, fights, and industrial emergencies
- Open injuries include gunshots and stab wounds.
- Serious injuries may include severe bleeding and internal organs injury which often produce shock in victim. Be prepared to call emergency assistance.
Closed Chest Injuries:
- Pneumothorax: Air leaks from a wounded lung into the chest cavity, causing respiratory distress.
- Hemothorax: Blood accumulates in the chest cavity.
Open Chest Injuries:
- Requires specialized and immediate medical care; do not attempt any intervention.
First Aid for Chest Injuries:
- Monitor the victim's breathing and provide support in whatever position is most comfortable for them.
- Maintain an open airway and constantly monitor breathing for victims who are unresponsive.
- Immediate medical attention should be sought.
Rib Fractures
- Often accompanied with intense pain, discoloration, and swelling
- Abdominal/internal organs may also be affected; immediate medical attention is crucial.
Flail Chest
- Fracture of two or more ribs in two or more places.
- Breathing can become uneven and paradoxical (the flail section moves opposite to the rest of the chest).
- First aid involves supporting the affected chest area with a padded dressing or similar support to minimize movement.
Impaled Object
- Do not attempt to remove an impacted foreign object; keep it stabilized and support the area with soft/padded dressings.
Sucking Chest Wound
- An open chest wound caused by penetrating trauma in which air moves in and out of the chest during breathing.
- Treatment includes sealing the wound to prevent air from entering or exiting the lungs.
- Ensure immediate medical help is contacted.
Abdominal Injuries:
- Internal bleeding is one of the common factors in victims with abdominal injuries.
- The internal organs of the abdomen are easily damaged during trauma, thus may need specific surgery in severe cases.
- Victims should be positioned to maintain a stabilized posture and receive proper and supportive care while awaiting arrival of emergency care personnel.
- Ensure the airway is open and treat for shock.
Open Abdominal Injuries
- Organs may protrude through the skin (evisceration) which may need specialized care
- Cover with a clean, damp dressing/sterile moisture; do not attempt to push the protruded organ back into the abdomen.
Pelvic Injuries
- Pelvic fractures are usually serious injuries; immediate medical care is needed.
- Patients with pelvic fractures usually experience intense pain at the wound site; it is important to control bleeding, stabilize the groin or pelvic region with a belt or other support, and keep the victim's body temperature consistent until professional treatment is provided.
First Aid for Pelvic Injuries
- Ensure spinal injury is not suspected.
- Stabilize the pelvic region.
- Monitor breathing and provide support.
- Don't move the victim or let them move unless for a specific reason.
- Seek immediate medical attention.
Treating Shock
- Ensure the victim's airway is open in cases where the victim is unresponsive, and monitor for any breathing issues.
- Position the victim on their back with their legs elevated a few inches unless a spinal injury is suspected to minimize internal bleeding.
- Ensure the victim is warm and comfortable but do not give them any food or drink.
Burns
- Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity or chemicals.
Burn Types:
- First degree (superficial): epidermis damage
- Second degree (partial thickness): dermis damage, blisters
- Third degree (full thickness): damage beneath the skin (subcutaneous)
Assessing a Burn:
- Assess the area, look for severity and size.
- Assess if there are any additional factors like age or underlying health conditions.
- The involved parts of the body are crucial in determining the extent of the treatment, etc.
Assessing Burn Size (Rule of Nines):
- Body parts are assigned percentage values representing the surface area.
Burn Degrees Classification:
- First Degree: damage only the uppermost layer (epidermis)
- Second Degree: damage the epidermis and the dermis (deeper layer, including hair follicles and glands)
- Third Degree: damage to all skin layers and may extend into fat tissue. Deeper burns are more difficult to treat as body parts may experience more difficulty recovering
First-Degree Burn Care:
- Stop the source of the burn
- Cool the affected area with cool water (do not use ice)
- Remove constricting clothing etc before cooling
- Protect the burn
Second-Degree Burn Care:
- Stop the source of the burn.
- Cool the affected area with cool water (do not use ice).
- Remove any clothing or jewelry.
- Protect the burn area, do not break blisters and cover with appropriate suitable dressing.
Third-Degree Burn Care:
- Stop the source of the burn; cool the surrounding area
- Remove any clothing or jewelry preventing circulation, and cover with appropriate suitable dressing.
- Call for emergency care immediately
Smoke Inhalation:
- Injuries to the airway or lungs can occur from inhaling smoke or fumes.
Chemical Burns
- Caused by chemicals like acids or alkali liquids or solids.
Care for Chemical Burns
- Remove the chemical from the skin; flush the affected body area with water.
- If the chemical is dry use a brush to carefully remove the burn.
- Follow the steps for burns mentioned above.
- Seek immediate medical attention.
- Immediately call for medical help.
Electrical Burns:
- Occur when electricity touches a body part.
- May cause damage to both skin tissue layers and internal organs..
- Risk of shock or cardiac arrest due to electrical injuries.
Caring for Electrical Burns:
- Prioritize your own safety by ensuring the source/situation is safe. Do not touch the victim or area of the incident; contact EMS first.
- If the victim is not responding provide immediate CPR.
- Remove clothing and other constricting items from the wound area; do not attempt to remove embedded objects (stabilize wound area).
- Cool the burn area with water and seek professional medical help.
Head and Spinal Injuries
- Head trauma can injure or fracture the skull or damage vertebrae
- These wounds often produce severe symptoms requiring immediate medical attention.
Causes of Head and Spinal Injuries:
- Motor vehicle crashes.
- Falls from a height.
- Sports injuries (diving, skiing, etc).
- Sudden, violent impact from other causes.
Preventing Head/Spinal Injuries: Safety Guidelines
- Always wear seatbelts and/or shoulder restraints in vehicles; ensure children use approved car seats
- Wear helmets in sports, work, or other outdoor activities.
- Avoid excessive risky activities such as diving, when under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Assessing Head/Spinal Injuries
- Look for any deformation or inconsistencies.
- Look for changes in responsiveness, confusion, and dizziness.
- Check for unequal pupils or clear fluid from the nose or ears (indicates risk of internal damage).
- Check for stiff neck.
- Check if there is any numbness, lack of feeling in affected body parts, or loss of bowel or bladder control .
Managing Head/Spinal Injuries
- Carefully reposition the victim to open the airway and check for respiratory issues before moving.
- Support head and neck to prevent movement of the victim when possible
- Make sure the environment/spot is stable and safe to work with the victim before carrying out any treatment.
Lower Back Injuries
- Usually due to stressful activities, such as forceful lifting.
First Aid for Lower Back Injuries
- Monitor victim breathing, provide supportive care.
- Keep the victim warm.
- Do not give victim any food or drink.
Abdominal Injuries:
- Potential for severe internal organ damage or bleeding.
- Monitor breathing and give appropriate support that does not compromise the spinal cord.
- Maintain the victim`s body temperature.
Open Abdominal Injuries
- Organs may protrude outside the wound.
- Do not touch the organs; instead, cover the wound with a clean, moist dressing or plastic wrap to avoid internal tissue damage
Pelvic Injuries:
- Often occur due to forceful impacts (e.g. falls, motor vehicle accidents, etc.)
- May cause severe internal bleeding
- Can cause instability
- Seek immediate medical attention!
General First Aid Principles:
- Stop the threat
- Control bleeding
- Check for responsiveness
- Check for breathing
- Open airway
- Call for emergency care
- Give CPR, if needed
- Treat for shock
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اختبر معلوماتك حول كيفية تقديم الإسعافات الأولية للأطفال والرضع. ستتعلم كيفية التعامل مع حالات الطوارئ المختلفة، مثل الإنعاش القلبي الرئوي وموقف النوم الآمن للرضع. هذا الاختبار مهم لكل من يهتم بصحة وسلامة الأطفال.
