Airspace Sovereignty Before WW1

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What was the prevailing approach to the status of airspace above states and territorial waters after the outbreak of World War I?

The extension of state sovereignty upwards into airspace.

What was the significance of the recognition of security implications of air use during World War I?

It changed the approach to the status of airspace above states and territorial waters.

What did the 1919 Paris Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation recognize?

The full sovereignty of states over the airspace above their land and territorial sea.

How do international law rules apply to the airspace above states?

The same way they apply to the land below, protecting state sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the 1919 Paris Convention on the regulation of flights over national territory?

It led to the regulation of flights over national territory, recognizing state sovereignty over airspace. Signup and view all the answers

What principle is directly infringed by the unauthorized overflight of a state's territory by aircraft belonging to or under the control of the government of another state?

The principle of respect for territorial sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

What does a boundary represent, according to the International Court in the Benin/Niger case?

The line of separation between areas of state sovereignty, not only on the earth's surface but also in the subsoil and in the superjacent column of air Signup and view all the answers

Is there a right of innocent passage through the airspace of a state?

No Signup and view all the answers

What has qualified the principle of the complete sovereignty of the subjacent state?

The development of the law of outer space and various multilateral and bilateral conventions Signup and view all the answers

What was launched by the USSR in 1957, marking the beginning of space exploration?

The first earth satellite Signup and view all the answers

What has been the result of the immense increase in available information about space and the cosmos?

The development of the law of outer space, formulating generally accepted principles to regulate the interests of states involved and the international community as a whole Signup and view all the answers

Why was the usque ad coelum rule, providing for state sovereignty over territorial airspace to an unrestricted extent, not viable in the context of space exploration?

Because obtaining the individual consents of countries to the passage of satellites and other vehicles orbiting more than 100 miles above their surface would prove cumbersome in the extreme Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate height at which the sovereignty of states over their airspace is limited?

Between 50 and 100 miles Signup and view all the answers

What principles of international law are applied beyond the point separating air from space?

The principles of res communis, so that no portion of outer space may be appropriated to the sovereignty of individual states Signup and view all the answers

What was made clear by a number of General Assembly resolutions following the advent of the satellite era in the late 1950s?

That no portion of outer space may be appropriated to the sovereignty of individual states Signup and view all the answers

According to Article 8 of the Outer Space Treaty, what do states retain over personnel and vehicles launched by them into space?

jurisdiction and control Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects signed in 1972?

to provide for the payment of compensation for damage caused by space objects Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space?

it laid down stipulations for the registration of information regarding space objects Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle established in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, reiterated in the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies?

the demilitarisation of the moon and other celestial bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle emphasized in Article XI of the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies?

the moon and its natural resources are the common heritage of mankind Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space?

to provide for the provision of emergency assistance to astronauts and the return of astronauts and space objects Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Principle 8 of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space?

states shall bear international responsibility for national activities involving the use of nuclear power sources in outer space Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the UN General Assembly's adoption of Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space in 1993?

to ensure safety assessments and public availability of information prior to launch Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty?

states remain responsible for any damage caused to other parties to the Treaty by their space objects Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects in relation to the Soviet Cosmos 954 incident?

Canada invoked the Convention in 1979 following alleged damage caused by the Soviet Cosmos 954 Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'the land dominates the sea' imply in the context of the law of the sea?

The land territorial situation constitutes the starting point for the determination of the maritime rights of a coastal state. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the international regime to be established under Article XI of the treaty?

The main purposes of the international regime are to include the orderly and safe development of the natural resources of the moon, the rational management of those resources, the expansion of opportunities in the use of those resources, and an equitable sharing by all states parties in the benefits derived from those resources. Signup and view all the answers

What was the response to the Portuguese claims of huge tracts of the high seas as part of their territorial domain in the 17th century?

The doctrine of the open seas, which considered the oceans as res communis. Signup and view all the answers

What is permitted under the treaty despite the moratorium on exploitation of the moon's resources?

The collection of samples and their removal from the moon for scientific purposes is permitted under the treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the geostationary orbit in the context of international law?

It is a finite resource, and its limited nature has called for urgent action to produce an acceptable series of principles governing its use. Signup and view all the answers

What has been the most useful application of space exploitation techniques?

The creation of telecommunications networks has been the most useful application of space exploitation techniques. Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal framework for the use of space in the field of telecommunications provided by?

The legal framework for the use of space in the field of telecommunications is provided by the various INTELSAT agreements. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the seas, according to the text?

The seas have historically performed two important functions: as a medium of communication, and as a vast reservoir of resources, both living and non-living. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Bogotá Declaration in the context of international law?

It is an assertion of sovereignty by equatorial states over certain segments of the geostationary orbit, and a bargaining counter in international negotiations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the World Administrative Radio Conferences and the principal organs of the ITU?

The purpose of the World Administrative Radio Conferences and the principal organs of the ITU is to regulate the radio spectrum. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two principles relevant in the context of direct broadcasting via satellites?

The two principles are freedom of information and state sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the development of legal rules and the functions of the seas, according to the text?

The development of legal rules has been stimulated by the two important functions of the seas, as a medium of communication and as a vast reservoir of resources. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1972 UNESCO Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting provide?

The Declaration provided that all states had the right to decide on the content of educational programmes broadcast to their own peoples, and that prior agreement was required for direct satellite broadcasting to the population of countries other than the country of origin of the transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the international regime for the exploitation of the moon's resources only to be established when exploitation becomes feasible?

The regime is only to be established when exploitation becomes feasible because the treaty recognized that the exploitation of the moon's resources is not currently feasible. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the distinction between 'exploration and use' and 'exploitation' of the moon's resources?

The distinction is significant because it permits the collection of samples and their removal from the moon for scientific purposes, while placing a moratorium on exploitation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the problem associated with direct broadcasting via satellites that has yet to be fully addressed?

The problem associated with direct broadcasting via satellites that has yet to be fully addressed is the protection of minority cultures from 'swamping'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space?

To establish that outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all states on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies?

It reiterates that outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by any means and emphasizes that the exploration and use of outer space must be carried out for the benefit of all countries. Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 4 of the Treaty prohibit?

The placement of nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction in orbit around the earth, on celestial bodies, or in outer space. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of Article 1 of the Treaty?

To emphasize that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the minimalist and maximalist interpretations of Article 4 of the Treaty?

The minimalist interpretation argues that only aggressive military activity is banned, while the maximalist interpretation prohibits all military behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Article 6 of the Treaty?

To provide for international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and to ensure that national activities are carried out in conformity with the Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the resolution 37/92 adopted by the General Assembly in 1983?

It provides that a state intending to establish or authorise the establishment of a direct television broadcasting satellite service must first notify the proposed receiving state or states and then consult with them. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of UN General Assembly resolution 1962 (XVII)?

It lays down a series of applicable legal principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the provision that outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all states on a basis of equality and in accordance with international law. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Declaration on International Co-operation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space?

To call for further international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space, with particular attention to the benefit for and the interests of developing countries and countries with incipient space programmes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ITU regulations in relation to direct broadcasting by satellite?

Technical co-ordination between the sending and receiving states on frequency and orbital positioning. Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of the moon and other celestial bodies under the Treaty?

They must be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. Signup and view all the answers

What is remote sensing, and what are its potential uses?

Remote sensing is the detection and analysis of the earth's resources by sensors carried in aircraft and spacecraft, with potential uses in meteorological sensing, ocean observation, military surveillance, and land observation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of state parties to the Treaty for the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space?

To authorize and supervise such activities to ensure that they are carried out in conformity with the Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle regarding the dissemination of information gathered by satellite?

There is no requirement of prior consent from states that are being sensed, but consultations are called for to enhance participation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Principles on Remote Sensing adopted in 1986?

These principles provide that the sensed state shall have access to the primary and processed data produced upon a non-discriminatory basis and on reasonable cost terms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the geostationary orbit, and why is it important?

The geostationary orbit is the orbit 22,300 miles directly above the equator, where satellites circle at the same speed as the earth rotates, making it the only orbit capable of providing continuous contact with ground stations via a single satellite. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern expressed by the US regarding the concept of the inalienable right of states to dispose of their natural resources and of information concerning those resources?

The US pointed to the practical problems this would cause and the possible infringement of freedom of information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in relation to remote sensing?

The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space has been considering the problem of remote sensing for many years, but general agreement has proved elusive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 1986 Principles on Remote Sensing in relation to international responsibility?

States conducting remote sensing are to bear international responsibility for their activities. Signup and view all the answers

Why is international cooperation and environmental protection on earth emphasized in the Principles on Remote Sensing?

To promote international cooperation and environmental protection on earth, taking into particular account the needs of developing countries. Signup and view all the answers

The outbreak of the First World War changed the approach to the status of the ______ above states and territorial waters.

airspace Signup and view all the answers

The 1919 Paris Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation recognised the full ______ of states over the airspace above their land and territorial sea.

sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

The international law rules protecting ______ of states apply to the airspace as they do to the land below.

sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

The approach that prevailed after the outbreak of the First World War was based upon the extension of state ______ upwards into airspace.

sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

The security implications of the use of the ______ changed the approach to the status of the airspace above states and territorial waters.

air Signup and view all the answers

The Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was adopted in resolution ______ (XVII).

1962 Signup and view all the answers

Outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all states on a basis of ______ and in accordance with international law.

equality Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, was signed in ______.

1967 Signup and view all the answers

Article 4 of the Treaty prohibits the placement in orbit around the earth of any objects carrying ______ weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction.

nuclear Signup and view all the answers

States parties to the Treaty agree not to install ______ weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction on celestial bodies.

nuclear Signup and view all the answers

The exploration and use of outer space must be carried out for the benefit of all ______.

countries Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty emphasizes that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all ______.

countries Signup and view all the answers

Article 6 of the Treaty provides for international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other ______ bodies.

celestial Signup and view all the answers

The principle of respect for territorial sovereignty is also directly infringed by the unauthorised overflight of a state's territory by aircraft belonging to or under the control of the government of an- ______ state.

other Signup and view all the answers

A boundary represents the line of separation between areas of state sovereignty, not only on the earth's surface but also in the ______ and in the superjacent column of air.

subsoil Signup and view all the answers

The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space require ______ and continuing supervision by the appropriate state party to the Treaty.

authorisation Signup and view all the answers

There is no right of innocent passage through the ______ of a state.

airspace Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty does not establish a precise boundary between ______ and outer space.

airspace Signup and view all the answers

The principle of the complete sovereignty of the subjacent state is qualified not only by the various multi-lateral and bilateral conventions which permit airliners to cross and land in the territories of the contracting states under recognised conditions and in the light of the accepted ______.

regulations Signup and view all the answers

Ever since the USSR launched the first earth ______ in 1957, space exploration has developed at an ever-increasing rate.

satellite Signup and view all the answers

The definition and delimitation of outer space soon became apparent that the usque ad coelum rule, providing for state sovereignty over territorial airspace to an unrestricted extent, was not viable where ______ exploration was concerned.

space Signup and view all the answers

Beyond the point separating air from space, states have agreed to apply the international law principles of ______ communis, so that no portion of outer space may be appropriated to the sovereignty of individual states.

res Signup and view all the answers

The sovereignty of states over their airspace is limited in height at most to the point where the airspace meets ______ itself.

space Signup and view all the answers

As conventional aircraft are developed to attain greater heights, so states will wish to see their sovereignty extend to those heights and, as well as genuine uncertainty, this fear of surrendering what may prove to be ______.

ni Signup and view all the answers

Figures between 50 and 10 miles have been put forward as the approximate height at which the sovereignty of states over their airspace is ______.

limited Signup and view all the answers

The exploration and use of the moon shall be the province of all ______.

mankind Signup and view all the answers

States retain jurisdiction and control over ______ and vehicles launched by them into space.

personnel Signup and view all the answers

The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects was signed in ______.

1972 Signup and view all the answers

The Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space was opened for signature in ______.

1975 Signup and view all the answers

The Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space was signed in ______.

1968 Signup and view all the answers

The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies was adopted in ______.

1979 Signup and view all the answers

The Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects provides for absolute liability to pay ______ for damage caused by a space object on the surface of the earth.

compensation Signup and view all the answers

The United Nations Secretary-General is to be informed if a space object appears to malfunction with a risk of re-entry of ______ materials to the earth.

radioactive Signup and view all the answers

The exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is to be carried out for the benefit of ______.

all Signup and view all the answers

The moon and its natural resources are the ______ heritage of mankind and are not subject to national appropriation.

common Signup and view all the answers

The states parties also agreed under article XI(5) and (7) to establish an international regime to govern the exploitation of the resources of the ______, when this becomes feasible.

moon Signup and view all the answers

The main purposes of the international regime to be established are to include: a the orderly and safe development of the natural resources of the ______;

moon Signup and view all the answers

Telecommunications ______ has been the most useful application of space exploitation techniques.

Arguably Signup and view all the answers

The legal framework for the use of space in the field of telecommunications is provided by the various ______ agreements.

INTELSAT Signup and view all the answers

In 1971 the communist countries established their own network of telecommunications satellites, called ______.

INTER-SPUTNIK Signup and view all the answers

Two principles are relevant in this context: ______ of information, which is a right enshrined in many international instruments, and state sovereignty.

freedom Signup and view all the answers

UNESCO adopted a Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting, in which it was provided that all states had the right to decide on the content of educational programmes broadcast to their own ______.

peoples Signup and view all the answers

The international regime for the exploitation of the ______ resources has built upon the 1967 Treaty, the 1973 Telecommunications Convention and Protocol and various International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations.

orbit/spectrum Signup and view all the answers

Regulation of the radio spectrum is undertaken at the World Administrative Radio Conferences and by the principal organs of the ______.

ITU Signup and view all the answers

Questions about the control of material broadcast by such satellites and the protection of minority cultures from 'swamping' have yet to be ______, but are being discussed in various UN organs.

answered Signup and view all the answers

The orbit is thus a finite ______.

resource Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental principle governing the law of the sea is that 'the land dominates the ______' so that the land territorial situation constitutes the starting point for the determination of the maritime rights of a coastal state.

sea Signup and view all the answers

The Portuguese in particular in the seventeenth century proclaimed huge tracts of the high ______ as part of their territorial domain.

seas Signup and view all the answers

The seas were at one time thought capable of subjection to national ______.

sovereignties Signup and view all the answers

The doctrine of the open ______, whereby the oceans as res communis.

seas Signup and view all the answers

The ______ have historically performed two important functions: first, as a medium of communication, and secondly as a vast reservoir of resources, both living and non-living.

seas Signup and view all the answers

The UN General Assembly adopted resolution 37/92 entitled ______ Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting.

Principles Signup and view all the answers

A service may only be established after ______ and on the basis of agreements and/or arrangements in conformity with the relevant instruments of the International Telecommunications Union.

consultation Signup and view all the answers

Remote sensing refers to the detection and analysis of the ______'s resources by sensors carried in aircraft and spacecraft.

earth's Signup and view all the answers

The USSR and France, for example, jointly proposed the concept of the ______ right of states to dispose of their natural resources and of information concerning those resources.

inalienable Signup and view all the answers

The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space has been considering the problem of remote sensing for ______ years.

many Signup and view all the answers

The increase in the use of satellites for all of the above purposes has put pressure upon the ______ orbit.

geostationary Signup and view all the answers

The geostationary orbit is the orbit ______ miles directly above the equator, where satellites circle at the same speed as the earth rotates.

22,300 Signup and view all the answers

ITU regulations call for ______ co-ordination between the sending and receiving states sa ot frequency and orbital positioning before any direct broadcasting by satellite can be carried out.

technical Signup and view all the answers

The Principles on Remote Sensing provide that the sensed state shall have access to the primary and processed data produced upon a ______ basis and on reasonable cost terms.

non-discriminatory Signup and view all the answers

States conducting remote sensing are to bear ______ responsibility for their activities.

international Signup and view all the answers

Airspace Sovereignty Before WW1

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Questions and Answers

What was the prevailing approach to the status of airspace above states and territorial waters after the outbreak of World War I?

What was the significance of the recognition of security implications of air use during World War I?

What did the 1919 Paris Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation recognize?

How do international law rules apply to the airspace above states?

What was the impact of the 1919 Paris Convention on the regulation of flights over national territory?

What principle is directly infringed by the unauthorized overflight of a state's territory by aircraft belonging to or under the control of the government of another state?

What does a boundary represent, according to the International Court in the Benin/Niger case?

Is there a right of innocent passage through the airspace of a state?

What has qualified the principle of the complete sovereignty of the subjacent state?

What was launched by the USSR in 1957, marking the beginning of space exploration?

What has been the result of the immense increase in available information about space and the cosmos?

Why was the usque ad coelum rule, providing for state sovereignty over territorial airspace to an unrestricted extent, not viable in the context of space exploration?

What is the approximate height at which the sovereignty of states over their airspace is limited?

What principles of international law are applied beyond the point separating air from space?

What was made clear by a number of General Assembly resolutions following the advent of the satellite era in the late 1950s?

According to Article 8 of the Outer Space Treaty, what do states retain over personnel and vehicles launched by them into space?

What is the purpose of the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects signed in 1972?

What is the significance of the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space?

What is the principle established in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, reiterated in the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies?

What is the principle emphasized in Article XI of the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies?

What is the purpose of the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space?

What is the significance of Principle 8 of the Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space?

What is the purpose of the UN General Assembly's adoption of Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space in 1993?

What is the significance of Article VII of the Outer Space Treaty?

What is the significance of the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects in relation to the Soviet Cosmos 954 incident?

What does the concept of 'the land dominates the sea' imply in the context of the law of the sea?

What is the main purpose of the international regime to be established under Article XI of the treaty?

What was the response to the Portuguese claims of huge tracts of the high seas as part of their territorial domain in the 17th century?

What is permitted under the treaty despite the moratorium on exploitation of the moon's resources?

What is the significance of the geostationary orbit in the context of international law?

What has been the most useful application of space exploitation techniques?

What is the legal framework for the use of space in the field of telecommunications provided by?

What is the primary function of the seas, according to the text?

What is the significance of the Bogotá Declaration in the context of international law?

What is the purpose of the World Administrative Radio Conferences and the principal organs of the ITU?

What are the two principles relevant in the context of direct broadcasting via satellites?

What is the relationship between the development of legal rules and the functions of the seas, according to the text?

What did the 1972 UNESCO Declaration of Guiding Principles on the Use of Satellite Broadcasting provide?

Why is the international regime for the exploitation of the moon's resources only to be established when exploitation becomes feasible?

What is the significance of the distinction between 'exploration and use' and 'exploitation' of the moon's resources?

What is the problem associated with direct broadcasting via satellites that has yet to be fully addressed?

What is the main purpose of the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space?

What is the significance of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies?

What does Article 4 of the Treaty prohibit?

What is the main purpose of Article 1 of the Treaty?

What is the difference between the minimalist and maximalist interpretations of Article 4 of the Treaty?

What is the purpose of Article 6 of the Treaty?

What is the significance of the resolution 37/92 adopted by the General Assembly in 1983?

What is the significance of UN General Assembly resolution 1962 (XVII)?

What is the purpose of the Declaration on International Co-operation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space?

What is the purpose of ITU regulations in relation to direct broadcasting by satellite?

What is the status of the moon and other celestial bodies under the Treaty?

What is remote sensing, and what are its potential uses?

What is the responsibility of state parties to the Treaty for the activities of non-governmental entities in outer space?

What is the principle regarding the dissemination of information gathered by satellite?

What is the significance of the Principles on Remote Sensing adopted in 1986?

What is the geostationary orbit, and why is it important?

What was the main concern expressed by the US regarding the concept of the inalienable right of states to dispose of their natural resources and of information concerning those resources?

What is the role of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space in relation to remote sensing?

What is the significance of the 1986 Principles on Remote Sensing in relation to international responsibility?

Why is international cooperation and environmental protection on earth emphasized in the Principles on Remote Sensing?

The outbreak of the First World War changed the approach to the status of the ______ above states and territorial waters.

The 1919 Paris Convention for the Regulation of Aerial Navigation recognised the full ______ of states over the airspace above their land and territorial sea.

The international law rules protecting ______ of states apply to the airspace as they do to the land below.

The approach that prevailed after the outbreak of the First World War was based upon the extension of state ______ upwards into airspace.

The security implications of the use of the ______ changed the approach to the status of the airspace above states and territorial waters.

The Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was adopted in resolution ______ (XVII).

Outer space and celestial bodies are free for exploration and use by all states on a basis of ______ and in accordance with international law.

The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, was signed in ______.

Article 4 of the Treaty prohibits the placement in orbit around the earth of any objects carrying ______ weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction.

States parties to the Treaty agree not to install ______ weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction on celestial bodies.

The exploration and use of outer space must be carried out for the benefit of all ______.

The Treaty emphasizes that the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all ______.

Article 6 of the Treaty provides for international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other ______ bodies.

The principle of respect for territorial sovereignty is also directly infringed by the unauthorised overflight of a state's territory by aircraft belonging to or under the control of the government of an- ______ state.

A boundary represents the line of separation between areas of state sovereignty, not only on the earth's surface but also in the ______ and in the superjacent column of air.

The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space require ______ and continuing supervision by the appropriate state party to the Treaty.