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Questions and Answers
What is the minimum requirement for go-around speed in relation to VS1g?
What is the minimum requirement for go-around speed in relation to VS1g?
During a contaminated approach, how is the required landing distance for automatic landing calculated?
During a contaminated approach, how is the required landing distance for automatic landing calculated?
What is the minimum required climb gradient during normal approach for twin-engine aircraft?
What is the minimum required climb gradient during normal approach for twin-engine aircraft?
What can pilots select during a go-around calculation to ensure no limitations are imposed?
What can pilots select during a go-around calculation to ensure no limitations are imposed?
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What is the required landing performance speed at 50 feet above the airport in a contaminated landing situation?
What is the required landing performance speed at 50 feet above the airport in a contaminated landing situation?
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In the case of contaminated runways, which method can the manufacturer provide for landing?
In the case of contaminated runways, which method can the manufacturer provide for landing?
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What components make up the airborne phase distance (Da) in the calculation of ALD?
What components make up the airborne phase distance (Da) in the calculation of ALD?
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What is the required climb gradient for a four-engine aircraft during a normal approach?
What is the required climb gradient for a four-engine aircraft during a normal approach?
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How is the ground phase distance (Dg) defined for an automatic landing?
How is the ground phase distance (Dg) defined for an automatic landing?
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What is one of the minimum requirements for go-around performance during approach?
What is one of the minimum requirements for go-around performance during approach?
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What is the maximum weight limited during go-around based on go-around gradient?
What is the maximum weight limited during go-around based on go-around gradient?
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Which configurations are typically considered for approach in Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft during a go-around?
Which configurations are typically considered for approach in Airbus fly-by-wire aircraft during a go-around?
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What is the primary condition for the climb performance evaluation during go-around?
What is the primary condition for the climb performance evaluation during go-around?
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What speed range is established for approach climb performance during a go-around?
What speed range is established for approach climb performance during a go-around?
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In the calculation of the airborne phase distance, how is the mean touchdown point distance represented?
In the calculation of the airborne phase distance, how is the mean touchdown point distance represented?
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What does the term 'σd2' refer to in the context of airborne phase calculations?
What does the term 'σd2' refer to in the context of airborne phase calculations?
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What factor primarily affects the landing distance during a runway approach?
What factor primarily affects the landing distance during a runway approach?
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Which of the following scenarios would decrease the air climb gradients during a go-around?
Which of the following scenarios would decrease the air climb gradients during a go-around?
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In the case of an upward runway slope, how does it affect landing distance?
In the case of an upward runway slope, how does it affect landing distance?
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What is the minimum gradient requirement for landing climbs?
What is the minimum gradient requirement for landing climbs?
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What configuration allows for TOGA thrust during a go-around?
What configuration allows for TOGA thrust during a go-around?
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How does pressure altitude affect TOGA thrust during a go-around?
How does pressure altitude affect TOGA thrust during a go-around?
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What speed range is defined for approach during landing, relative to VS1g?
What speed range is defined for approach during landing, relative to VS1g?
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What is typically published in the FCOM regarding landing climb performance?
What is typically published in the FCOM regarding landing climb performance?
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Study Notes
Contaminated Runway Landing Distance (RLD)
- RLD for a contaminated runway is the greater of 1.15 x ALD contaminated or RLD wet
- The manufacturer must provide landing performance for a contaminated runway at 50 feet above the airport
- The landing speed (V) range is between 1.23 VS1g and 1.23 VS1g + 10 knots
- The manufacturer can provide instructions for contaminated runways, such as antiskid, reverse, airbrakes or spoilers
- In the most critical cases, landing can be prohibited
Automatic Landing Distance (ALD)
- The required landing distance for automatic landing is 1.15 times the actual landing distance in automatic landing.
- This distance must be greater than the required landing distance in manual mode.
- RLD automatic is the greatest of 1.15 x ALD automatic or RLD manual
Go-Around Requirements
- The required climb gradient needs to be checked during dispatch,
- The minimum required gradient is the one defined during aircraft certification
- Operators can choose a go-around speed (from 1.23 VS1g to 1.41 VS1g) and a configuration (3 or 2) to determine the maximum weight limited by the go-around gradient.
- In the rare case of a go-around limitation, operators can select CONF 2 and 1.4 VS1g
- The required climb gradient is 2.1% for twin-engine aircraft and 2.7% for four-engine aircraft.
- Operators can use the gradient published in the airport approach chart
Automatic Landing Distance (ALD)
- ALD for automatic landing is defined as Da + Dg
- Da is the airborne phase distance
- Dg is the ground phase distance
Airborne Phase (Da)
- Airborne phase is the distance from the runway threshold up to the glideslope origin (d1), plus the distance from the glideslope origin up to the mean touchdown point (d2), plus three times the standard deviation of d2 (σd2).
Ground Phase (Dg)
- Dg for an automatic landing is established as with a manual landing, assuming a touchdown speed equal to the mean touchdown speed (VTD) plus three times the standard deviation of this speed (σVTD).
Go-Around Performance Requirements
- A minimum climb gradient must be observed in the event of a go-around.
- The minimum air climb gradients depend on the aircraft type.
Approach Climb
- Approach climb is the aircraft's climb capability assuming that one engine is inoperative.
- Go-Around performance is based on approach configuration, rather than landing configuration.
Aircraft Configuration for Approach Climb
- One engine inoperative
- TOGA thrust
- Gear retracted
- Slats and flaps in approach configuration (CONF 2 or 3 in most cases)
- 1.23 VS1g ≤ V ≤ 1.41 VS1g and check that V ≥ VMCL
N Engines Configuration for Approach Climb
- TOGA thrust
- Gear extended
- Landing configuration
- 1.13 VS1g ≤ V ≤ 1.23 VS1g and check that V ≥ VMCL
- Minimum gradient: 3.2%
External Parameters Influence
- Pressure altitude impacts landing distance and go-around air climb gradients.
- Temperature affects go-around air climb gradients.
- Runway slope influences landing distance.
Pressure Altitude
- Approach speed is equal to 1.23 VS1g.
- True airspeed (TAS) increases with pressure altitude.
- Landing distance increases with pressure altitude.
- TOGA thrust decreases with pressure altitude.
- Lower thrust during go-around leads to lower air climb gradients.
Temperature
- Engine thrust decreases when the temperature passes the reference temperature.
- This impacts go-around air climb gradients.
Runway Slope
- Upward slope improves stopping capability and decreases landing distance.
- Downward slope increases landing distance.
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Description
This quiz covers critical concepts related to contaminated runway landing distances, automatic landing distance calculations, and go-around requirements for aircraft. It explores the factors influencing landing performance and regulatory requirements that must be adhered to for safe operations. Test your understanding of these essential aviation safety protocols.
