Podcast
Questions and Answers
What factors are considered when determining the actual landing distance of an aircraft?
What factors are considered when determining the actual landing distance of an aircraft?
- Pilot experience and aircraft load
- Standard temperature and landing configuration (correct)
- Wind speed and humidity
- Runway length and air traffic conditions
Which condition is NOT required to achieve the actual landing distance?
Which condition is NOT required to achieve the actual landing distance?
- Manual landing configuration
- Stabilized approach at VLS or VMCL
- In-flight performance assessment (correct)
- Acceptable pressures on wheel braking systems
On what type of runway are actual landing distances certified for Airbus aircraft?
On what type of runway are actual landing distances certified for Airbus aircraft?
- Dry runways (correct)
- Wet runways
- Icy runways only
- Contaminated runways
What is the influence of reverse thrust on landing distances on contaminated runways?
What is the influence of reverse thrust on landing distances on contaminated runways?
How does temperature affect landing distance demonstration on contaminated runways?
How does temperature affect landing distance demonstration on contaminated runways?
What is the maximum wind component correction factor included in landing distance data?
What is the maximum wind component correction factor included in landing distance data?
What must be established in the airplane Flight Manual if the required landing distance exceeds the scheduled manual landing distance?
What must be established in the airplane Flight Manual if the required landing distance exceeds the scheduled manual landing distance?
Which landing distance factor is NOT taken into account when determining the demonstration landing distances on dry runways?
Which landing distance factor is NOT taken into account when determining the demonstration landing distances on dry runways?
What does VAPP represent in the context of landing performance?
What does VAPP represent in the context of landing performance?
What is the reference speed VREF used for?
What is the reference speed VREF used for?
In the case of a system failure affecting landing performance, which adjustment should be made to VREF?
In the case of a system failure affecting landing performance, which adjustment should be made to VREF?
What is the purpose of the Actual Landing Distance (ALD) in aircraft operations?
What is the purpose of the Actual Landing Distance (ALD) in aircraft operations?
What configuration is utilized to determine VREF for an Airbus during landing?
What configuration is utilized to determine VREF for an Airbus during landing?
What does the term 'calibrated airspeed of VLS' refer to during a manual landing?
What does the term 'calibrated airspeed of VLS' refer to during a manual landing?
Which factor is NOT explicitly included in the calculation of Actual Landing Distance (ALD)?
Which factor is NOT explicitly included in the calculation of Actual Landing Distance (ALD)?
The headwind component used in determining VAPP is directly obtained from which source?
The headwind component used in determining VAPP is directly obtained from which source?
What is the minimum climb gradient required for a twin-engine aircraft during approach climb with one engine out?
What is the minimum climb gradient required for a twin-engine aircraft during approach climb with one engine out?
What is the maximum allowable stall speed (VS1g) for an approach configuration relative to its landing configuration?
What is the maximum allowable stall speed (VS1g) for an approach configuration relative to its landing configuration?
Which configuration options are available for Airbus Fly-By-Wire during landing?
Which configuration options are available for Airbus Fly-By-Wire during landing?
What is the minimum required climb gradient for a four-engine aircraft?
What is the minimum required climb gradient for a four-engine aircraft?
During landing climb, what is the range of speed (V) that must be maintained for performance checks?
During landing climb, what is the range of speed (V) that must be maintained for performance checks?
How long after initiating thrust control must thrust be available for landing configurations?
How long after initiating thrust control must thrust be available for landing configurations?
The go-around performance for aircraft is based on which configuration?
The go-around performance for aircraft is based on which configuration?
What is the function of the gear during landing climb in relation to aircraft performance?
What is the function of the gear during landing climb in relation to aircraft performance?
How does the runway’s friction coefficient affect landing distance?
How does the runway’s friction coefficient affect landing distance?
What is the impact of engine air bleed on the go-around air climb gradient?
What is the impact of engine air bleed on the go-around air climb gradient?
What effect does increasing flap deflection have on landing distance?
What effect does increasing flap deflection have on landing distance?
When might it be beneficial to decrease flap settings during landing?
When might it be beneficial to decrease flap settings during landing?
What is the necessary check before departure regarding the Required Landing Distance (RLD)?
What is the necessary check before departure regarding the Required Landing Distance (RLD)?
How can weather conditions affect landing distance?
How can weather conditions affect landing distance?
What does a high precipitation drag imply for landing distance?
What does a high precipitation drag imply for landing distance?
What is the relationship between flap deflection and air climb gradients?
What is the relationship between flap deflection and air climb gradients?
What is the minimum missed approach gradient required for CAT II/III approaches?
What is the minimum missed approach gradient required for CAT II/III approaches?
What is the first limitation for landing weight according to the content?
What is the first limitation for landing weight according to the content?
Which condition must be met for maximum regulatory landing weight (MLW)?
Which condition must be met for maximum regulatory landing weight (MLW)?
What does the commander need to verify before commencing an approach to land?
What does the commander need to verify before commencing an approach to land?
What may be required if the published gradient for a missed approach is greater than 2.5%?
What may be required if the published gradient for a missed approach is greater than 2.5%?
What is the maximum performance landing weight limited by?
What is the maximum performance landing weight limited by?
What is required for an aircraft's approach mass before proceeding with an instrument approach below 200 ft?
What is required for an aircraft's approach mass before proceeding with an instrument approach below 200 ft?
What do the JAR-OPS 1.510 regulations specify about approach mass for CAT II/III?
What do the JAR-OPS 1.510 regulations specify about approach mass for CAT II/III?
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Study Notes
VAPP Target
- The VAPP target (approach speed) is calculated by adding the minimum ground speed (GS mini) to the actual headwind.
- GS mini (minimum ground speed) is calculated by subtracting the tower wind from the VAPP (approach speed).
Reference Speed: VREF
- In case of a failure, the VREF speed is used for emergency or abnormal configurations.
- VREF is the landing approach speed at 50 ft for a defined landing configuration called CONF FULL.
- VREF equals VLS (landing speed) in CONF FULL.
- Adjustments can be applied to VREF for system failures resulting in ∆VINOP (increment in approach speed).
Actual Landing Distance (ALD)
- ALD is the distance required to land and come to a complete stop from 50 ft above the landing surface.
- The aircraft must be in landing configuration with a stabilized approach at VLS (or VMCL whichever is greater) for manual landing.
- ALD is determined on a level, smooth, dry, hard-surfaced runway with acceptable wheel braking system pressures.
- Spoilera and reverse thrust can be used for braking on contaminated runways but not on dry runways.
Automatic Landing
- The required landing distance is scheduled in the airplane Flight Manual if it exceeds the scheduled manual landing distance.
- Minimum climb gradients for a twin-engine aircraft is 2.1% and 2.7% for a quad-engine aircraft.
- The final approach configuration can be selected as long as the stall speed VS1g does not exceed 110% of VS1g for the all-engines-operating landing configuration.
Landing Climb
- Landing climb is a mandatory go-around procedure with all engines operating.
- The performance is based on the landing configuration (CONF 3 or FULL).
Runway Conditions
- Runway contamination affects landing performance due to friction coefficient and precipitation drag.
- A higher friction coefficient results in a shorter landing distance, and a higher precipitation drag results in a longer landing distance.
Aircraft Configuration
- Engine air bleed for de-icing or air conditioning reduces engine thrust which decreases go-around air climb gradients.
- Higher flap deflection increases lift coefficient but increases drag, leading to a shorter landing distance but reduced climb performance.
Dispatch Requirements
- Operators must check that the Landing Distance Available (LDA) at the destination is at least equal to the Required Landing Distance (RLD) for the forecasted landing weight and conditions.
- CAT II or CAT III approaches have a minimum missed approach climb gradient of 2.5% for all aircraft types.
In-Flight Requirements
- The commander must ensure that weather conditions at the aerodrome and runway conditions are suitable for a safe approach, landing, or missed approach.
Maximum Regulatory Landing Weight (MLW)
- Landing weight is limited by structural constraints and aircraft performance, including runway limitations and go-around limitations.
- The MLW is the minimum of the maximum structural landing weight and the maximum landing weight limited by performance.
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