120 Questions
What is the primary mode of transmission for airborne diseases within a 1-meter distance?
Droplet transmission
What is the most common type of infectious disease worldwide?
Respiratory tract infections
What is the primary function of the ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?
To move mucus up and out of the body
What is the term for the process by which toxins lyse red blood cells?
Hemolysis
Which of the following is NOT a bacterial lower respiratory tract disease?
Diphtheria
What is the term for the normal microbiota that compete against invading pathogens in the lower respiratory tract?
Normal microbiota
What is the purpose of wearing a mask as a preventive measure against airborne diseases?
To improve respiratory hygiene
Which of the following is an example of a viral airborne disease?
Influenza
What is the shape of the bacterium that causes pertussis?
Oval
What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Bordetella pertussis?
To attach to ciliated cells in the trachea
What is the typical incubation period for pertussis?
5-10 days
What is the name of the vaccine that prevents pertussis?
DTaP
What type of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Typical pneumonia
What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
To prevent phagocytosis
What is the term for the type of pneumonia caused by non-bacterial microbes?
Atypical pneumonia
What type of hosts are most susceptible to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?
Immunocompromised hosts
What is the function of mycolic acids in bacteria?
To allow bacteria to survive on surfaces and resist drying
What is the result of mycolic acid inhibiting digestive enzymes of lysosomes?
The pathogen survives and multiplies inside macrophages
What is the difference between Mycobacterium and Non-Mycobacterium?
Mycobacterium stains pink, Non-Mycobacterium stains blue
What is the outcome if a tubercle ruptures?
The bacteria are released from the macrophage and spread to the lungs or bloodstream
What is the term for the bacteria remaining dormant in a tubercle lesion?
Latent Tuberculosis
What is the result of the inflammatory response caused by the bacteria multiplying in macrophages?
The formation of a tubercle lesion
What is the mechanism of transmission of Tuberculosis?
Droplet transmission less than 1 meter
What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis?
They engulf and phagocytize inhaled bacteria
What is the primary reservoir of the Rubella virus?
Human
What is the major mode of transmission of Rubella?
Droplet
What is the incubation period of Rubella?
2 to 3 weeks
What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?
Discrete and macular
What is the complication of congenital Rubella syndrome?
All of the above
How is Rubella infection prevented?
By the MMR vaccine
What is the duration of the rash in Rubella?
3 to 5 days
What is the characteristic of the Rubella virus?
Non-enveloped, ss RNA virus
What is the reason behind the immune system needing time to respond to influenza?
The spikes of the influenza virus change
What is the primary reservoir of influenza?
Humans
What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus?
It is atypical
Why is it difficult to diagnose influenza from clinical symptoms alone?
Because the symptoms are acute and short-lived
What is the mortality rate of influenza?
Around 1%
Which age groups are most at high risk for influenza?
Infants and the elderly
What is the characteristic of the multivalent influenza vaccine?
It is composed of killed, multiple strains of the virus
Why is the composition of the influenza vaccine determined annually?
Because the virus changes its strains annually
What is the primary reason why the immune system needs time to respond to influenza?
The spikes on the influenza virus change through antigenic variation
What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus, as opposed to a bacterium?
It is atypical
Why does the influenza vaccine not provide long-term immunity?
Because the composition of the vaccine changes annually
What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza?
Droplet transmission
Which age groups are most at risk for influenza due to weakened immune systems?
Infants and elderly
What is the term for the type of pneumonia caused by non-bacterial microbes?
Atypical pneumonia
What is the purpose of the multivalent influenza vaccine?
To protect against multiple strains of the influenza virus
What is the mortality rate of influenza among the general population?
Less than 1%
What is the characteristic of β hemolysin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Completely destroys RBCs
What is the function of hyaluronidase produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Dissolves connective tissue
What is the primary characteristic of α hemolysis?
Partial destruction of RBCs
What is the classification system used to classify Streptococcus based on cell wall differences?
Lancefield classification system
What is the purpose of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?
To adhere to host cells
What is the characteristic of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
Inflammation of the throat and tonsils
What is the primary reason for the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 variants?
High mutation rate of the protein spikes
What is the diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis based on?
Serological tests and blood agar
Which of the following antiviral drugs is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?
Oseltamivir
What is the prevention of Streptococcal Pharyngitis achieved by?
Wearing masks and practicing good respiratory hygiene
What is the characteristic of the influenza virus that leads to the need for annual vaccination?
Antigenic variation
Which of the following influenza-related statistics is true?
Influenza causes 3,000 to 50,000 deaths annually in the United States
What is the term for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19?
SARS-CoV-2
What is the family of viruses to which SARS-CoV-2 belongs?
Coronaviridae
What is the characteristic of the RNA in SARS-CoV-2?
Single-stranded
Why are the SARS-CoV-2 variants of great concern?
Due to their high mutation rate
What is the role of the protein SPICE in the Variola virus?
Inhibits complement proteins
What is the primary mode of transmission of Smallpox?
Airborne transmission
What is the result of the Viremia stage of Smallpox infection?
Skin infections and pus-filled lesions
What is the primary reservoir of the Varicella-Zoster virus?
Humans
What is the characteristic of the rash caused by Smallpox?
Raised and filled with pus
What is the purpose of the Vaccinia Virus vaccine?
To prevent Smallpox
What is the significance of the year 1978 in the context of Smallpox?
The year Smallpox was completely eradicated from the human population
What is the potential threat of Smallpox in modern times?
It is a potential bioterrorism agent
What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus that allows for the same vaccine to be used year after year?
It has antigenically stable spikes
What is the primary mode of transmission of Measles?
Through droplet transmission
What is the characteristic of the rash in Measles?
It is flat and macular
What is the complication of Measles that occurs in 1 out of 1000 cases?
Encephalitis
What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?
MMR vaccine
What is the primary reservoir of Measles?
Human
What is the characteristic of Koplik spots in Measles?
They are clustered, white lesions
What is the difference between Measles and Rubella in terms of fever?
Measles has high fever, Rubella has low fever
What is the primary portal of entry for airborne diseases?
Respiratory tract
What is the ranking of tuberculosis in terms of death from infectious diseases?
1st
What is the most effective way to prevent airborne diseases?
Good respiratory hygiene
What type of infections are the most common worldwide?
Respiratory tract infections
What is the approximate number of people who develop tuberculosis annually?
10 million
What is the function of the ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?
To move mucus up and out of the body
What is the problem with the BCG vaccine?
It gives false positives
What is the role of normal microbiota in the lower respiratory tract?
To compete against invading pathogens
What is the term for the type of tuberculosis that is resistant to second-line drugs?
XDR
What is the name of the enzyme that destroys pathogens in the respiratory system?
Lysozyme
What proportion of the world's population has latent tuberculosis?
1/3
Which of the following is an example of a bacterial upper respiratory tract disease?
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
What is the ranking of malaria in terms of death from infectious diseases?
2nd
What is the primary outcome of the respiratory system?
To exchange gases
What is the number of people who die annually from tuberculosis?
2 million
What is the purpose of studying tuberculosis?
Because a lot of people die from it
What is the mode of transmission of Smallpox?
Airborne transmission
What is the name of the protein produced by the Variola virus?
SPICE
What is the name of the virus that causes Chickenpox?
Varicella-Zoster Virus
What is the result of the Viremia stage of Smallpox infection?
Skin infections and pus-filled lesions
What is the primary reservoir of the Varicella-Zoster virus?
Humans
What is the characteristic of the rash caused by Smallpox?
Raised and filled with pus
What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent Smallpox?
Vaccinia Virus
What is the significance of Smallpox in modern times?
It has the potential for bioterrorism
What is the primary reservoir of the Measles virus?
Humans
What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus that allows for the same vaccine to be used year after year?
Antigenically stable
What is the major mode of transmission of Measles?
Droplet transmission
What is the complication of Measles that occurs in 1 out of 1000 cases?
Encephalitis
What is the duration of the incubation period of Measles?
10-12 days
What is the characteristic of the rash in Measles?
Macular, red spots
What is the main difference between Measles and Rubella in terms of fever?
Measles has a high fever, while Rubella has a low fever
What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?
MMR vaccine
What is the causative agent of Rubella?
Rubella Virus
What is the primary reservoir of Rubella?
Human
What is the major mode of transmission of Rubella?
Droplet
What is the duration of the rash in Rubella?
3-5 days
What is the complication of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?
Cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, deafness, and intellectual disabilities
What is the preventive measure against Rubella?
MMR vaccine
What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?
Discrete, flat
What is the outcome of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in terms of mortality rate?
15% mortality within first year of life
Test your knowledge on airborne diseases, including transmission modes, symptoms, and portal of entry. Learn about the different types of airborne diseases and their effects on the human body.
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