Airborne Diseases: An Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for airborne diseases within a 1-meter distance?

  • Contact transmission
  • Vehicle transmission
  • Droplet transmission (correct)
  • Vector transmission

    • What is the most common type of infectious disease worldwide?

  • Respiratory tract infections (correct)
  • Eye infections
  • Gastrointestinal infections
  • Skin infections

    • What is the primary function of the ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?

  • To move mucus up and out of the body (correct)
  • To destroy pathogens
  • To trap pathogens
  • To produce mucus

    • What is the term for the process by which toxins lyse red blood cells?

    <p>Hemolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a bacterial lower respiratory tract disease?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the normal microbiota that compete against invading pathogens in the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Normal microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of wearing a mask as a preventive measure against airborne diseases?

    <p>To improve respiratory hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a viral airborne disease?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the bacterium that causes pertussis?

    <p>Oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Bordetella pertussis?

    <p>To attach to ciliated cells in the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical incubation period for pertussis?

    <p>5-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that prevents pertussis?

    <p>DTaP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>Typical pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>To prevent phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of pneumonia caused by non-bacterial microbes?

    <p>Atypical pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hosts are most susceptible to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?

    <p>Immunocompromised hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mycolic acids in bacteria?

    <p>To allow bacteria to survive on surfaces and resist drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mycolic acid inhibiting digestive enzymes of lysosomes?

    <p>The pathogen survives and multiplies inside macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Mycobacterium and Non-Mycobacterium?

    <p>Mycobacterium stains pink, Non-Mycobacterium stains blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if a tubercle ruptures?

    <p>The bacteria are released from the macrophage and spread to the lungs or bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bacteria remaining dormant in a tubercle lesion?

    <p>Latent Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the inflammatory response caused by the bacteria multiplying in macrophages?

    <p>The formation of a tubercle lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of transmission of Tuberculosis?

    <p>Droplet transmission less than 1 meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of Tuberculosis?

    <p>They engulf and phagocytize inhaled bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of the Rubella virus?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mode of transmission of Rubella?

    <p>Droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period of Rubella?

    <p>2 to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?

    <p>Discrete and macular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of congenital Rubella syndrome?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Rubella infection prevented?

    <p>By the MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the rash in Rubella?

    <p>3 to 5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Rubella virus?

    <p>Non-enveloped, ss RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason behind the immune system needing time to respond to influenza?

    <p>The spikes of the influenza virus change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of influenza?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus?

    <p>It is atypical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to diagnose influenza from clinical symptoms alone?

    <p>Because the symptoms are acute and short-lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of influenza?

    <p>Around 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age groups are most at high risk for influenza?

    <p>Infants and the elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the multivalent influenza vaccine?

    <p>It is composed of killed, multiple strains of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the composition of the influenza vaccine determined annually?

    <p>Because the virus changes its strains annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the immune system needs time to respond to influenza?

    <p>The spikes on the influenza virus change through antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pneumonia caused by a virus, as opposed to a bacterium?

    <p>It is atypical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the influenza vaccine not provide long-term immunity?

    <p>Because the composition of the vaccine changes annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza?

    <p>Droplet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age groups are most at risk for influenza due to weakened immune systems?

    <p>Infants and elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of pneumonia caused by non-bacterial microbes?

    <p>Atypical pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the multivalent influenza vaccine?

    <p>To protect against multiple strains of the influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of influenza among the general population?

    <p>Less than 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of β hemolysin produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Completely destroys RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of hyaluronidase produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>Dissolves connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of α hemolysis?

    <p>Partial destruction of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification system used to classify Streptococcus based on cell wall differences?

    <p>Lancefield classification system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the capsule produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

    <p>To adhere to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?

    <p>Inflammation of the throat and tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 variants?

    <p>High mutation rate of the protein spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of Streptococcal Pharyngitis based on?

    <p>Serological tests and blood agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antiviral drugs is effective against Influenza Type A if taken within 30 hours of symptom onset?

    <p>Oseltamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevention of Streptococcal Pharyngitis achieved by?

    <p>Wearing masks and practicing good respiratory hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the influenza virus that leads to the need for annual vaccination?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influenza-related statistics is true?

    <p>Influenza causes 3,000 to 50,000 deaths annually in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19?

    <p>SARS-CoV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the family of viruses to which SARS-CoV-2 belongs?

    <p>Coronaviridae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the RNA in SARS-CoV-2?

    <p>Single-stranded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the SARS-CoV-2 variants of great concern?

    <p>Due to their high mutation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the protein SPICE in the Variola virus?

    <p>Inhibits complement proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Smallpox?

    <p>Airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Viremia stage of Smallpox infection?

    <p>Skin infections and pus-filled lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash caused by Smallpox?

    <p>Raised and filled with pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Vaccinia Virus vaccine?

    <p>To prevent Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the year 1978 in the context of Smallpox?

    <p>The year Smallpox was completely eradicated from the human population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential threat of Smallpox in modern times?

    <p>It is a potential bioterrorism agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus that allows for the same vaccine to be used year after year?

    <p>It has antigenically stable spikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Measles?

    <p>Through droplet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in Measles?

    <p>It is flat and macular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Measles that occurs in 1 out of 1000 cases?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of Measles?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Koplik spots in Measles?

    <p>They are clustered, white lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Measles and Rubella in terms of fever?

    <p>Measles has high fever, Rubella has low fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary portal of entry for airborne diseases?

    <p>Respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ranking of tuberculosis in terms of death from infectious diseases?

    <p>1st</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective way to prevent airborne diseases?

    <p>Good respiratory hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are the most common worldwide?

    <p>Respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of people who develop tuberculosis annually?

    <p>10 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary escalator in the respiratory system?

    <p>To move mucus up and out of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem with the BCG vaccine?

    <p>It gives false positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal microbiota in the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>To compete against invading pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of tuberculosis that is resistant to second-line drugs?

    <p>XDR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that destroys pathogens in the respiratory system?

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the world's population has latent tuberculosis?

    <p>1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a bacterial upper respiratory tract disease?

    <p>Streptococcal Pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ranking of malaria in terms of death from infectious diseases?

    <p>2nd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the respiratory system?

    <p>To exchange gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of people who die annually from tuberculosis?

    <p>2 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of studying tuberculosis?

    <p>Because a lot of people die from it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Smallpox?

    <p>Airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein produced by the Variola virus?

    <p>SPICE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes Chickenpox?

    <p>Varicella-Zoster Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Viremia stage of Smallpox infection?

    <p>Skin infections and pus-filled lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of the Varicella-Zoster virus?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash caused by Smallpox?

    <p>Raised and filled with pus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine used to prevent Smallpox?

    <p>Vaccinia Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Smallpox in modern times?

    <p>It has the potential for bioterrorism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of the Measles virus?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Rubeola virus that allows for the same vaccine to be used year after year?

    <p>Antigenically stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mode of transmission of Measles?

    <p>Droplet transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Measles that occurs in 1 out of 1000 cases?

    <p>Encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the incubation period of Measles?

    <p>10-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in Measles?

    <p>Macular, red spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Measles and Rubella in terms of fever?

    <p>Measles has a high fever, while Rubella has a low fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the vaccine that prevents Measles, Mumps, and Rubella?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Rubella?

    <p>Rubella Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of Rubella?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major mode of transmission of Rubella?

    <p>Droplet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the rash in Rubella?

    <p>3-5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of Congenital Rubella Syndrome?

    <p>Cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, deafness, and intellectual disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preventive measure against Rubella?

    <p>MMR vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the rash in Rubella?

    <p>Discrete, flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in terms of mortality rate?

    <p>15% mortality within first year of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

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