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Questions and Answers
Which type of immune cell primarily interacts with antigens to activate other immune responses?
Which type of immune cell primarily interacts with antigens to activate other immune responses?
AIDS can be defined as a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL.
AIDS can be defined as a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL.
True
What is the role of CD8+ T cells in the immune response to HIV?
What is the role of CD8+ T cells in the immune response to HIV?
They attack and kill infected cells.
The life cycle of HIV includes stages such as attachment/entry, reverse transcription, and __________.
The life cycle of HIV includes stages such as attachment/entry, reverse transcription, and __________.
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Match the following common conditions with their percentages that indicate the presence of AIDS:
Match the following common conditions with their percentages that indicate the presence of AIDS:
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What is the CD4+ T cell count threshold that defines AIDS?
What is the CD4+ T cell count threshold that defines AIDS?
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HIV wasting syndrome accounts for 20% of the initial conditions that may indicate the presence of AIDS.
HIV wasting syndrome accounts for 20% of the initial conditions that may indicate the presence of AIDS.
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Name one of the most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS.
Name one of the most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS.
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The life cycle of HIV includes steps such as attachment, reverse transcription, and __________.
The life cycle of HIV includes steps such as attachment, reverse transcription, and __________.
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Match the following conditions with their associated percentage of occurrence in AIDS patients:
Match the following conditions with their associated percentage of occurrence in AIDS patients:
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Study Notes
AIDS and HIV Overview
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by a CD4+ T cell count below 200 cells per µL or specific opportunistic infections due to HIV.
- Without treatment, approximately 50% of people with HIV develop AIDS within a decade.
- Common initial conditions indicating AIDS include pneumocystis pneumonia (40%), HIV wasting syndrome (20%), and esophageal candidiasis.
- Other signs include recurring respiratory infections, with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis as a severe complication.
Life Cycle of HIV
- Viral replication involves several key steps: attachment/entry, reverse transcription, transport to nucleus, integration, viral transcription, protein synthesis, assembly, release, and maturation.
Major Target Cells for HIV
- HIV primarily infects CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
- Healthy individuals often have between 800–1200 CD4+ T cells/mm³, while AIDS defines levels below 200 CD4+ T cells/mm³.
CD4 T-Helper Cells
- CD4 T-helper cells signal other immune cells, facilitating the immune response.
- Interaction between CD4 and gp120 is critical for HIV entry into cells, making CD4 cells fundamental to the virus's ability to replicate.
Immune System Challenges
- CD8+ T cells play a role in killing infected cells and secreting factors that suppress HIV replication.
- An effective immune response requires T-helper cell activation in response to infectious agents.
Opportunistic Infections
- Various opportunistic infections can occur due to the compromised immune system associated with HIV/AIDS.
Herpes Virus
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) can cause significant health issues, often going undiagnosed as 90% of those infected are unaware.
- Transmission occurs through skin contact, bodily fluids, and childbirth, with antiviral medications available to manage symptoms.
Principal Bacterial STIs
- Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are significant bacterial STIs, each with unique symptoms and long-term effects including infertility and complications in pregnancy.
Principal Viral STIs
- Common viral STIs include Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), and Hepatitis A, B, C, which are manageable but not curable.
Trichomoniasis
- Caused by a protozoan, trichomoniasis is the most common curable STI in young women, increasing HIV transmission risk. Symptoms include vaginitis and urethritis.
Ectoparasites
- Parasites such as pubic lice and scabies can be transmitted non-sexually and may cause discomfort and secondary infections.
Women's Health and STIs
- Women are at increased risk for STIs due to anatomical factors and are more susceptible to conditions like Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), which can cause infertility.
Behavioral and Social Factors
- Behavioral factors contributing to STI transmission include early sexual initiation, multiple partners, and inconsistent condom use.
- Social factors such as poverty and healthcare inaccessibility also play roles in increased STI rates.
Biological Factors
- Asymptomatic nature of many STIs, resistance to treatment, and biological factors like douching can facilitate STI transmission.
Conclusion
- STIs remain a significant public health concern; bacterial STIs are often curable, while viral STIs remain a lifelong challenge, underscoring the need for prevention, education, and effective management strategies.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), focusing on its definition, diagnostic criteria, and common conditions associated with HIV infection. Test your knowledge on AIDS, its progression, and the importance of treatment in managing the disease.
