AI and IoT in STEM Education

• The material provided is part of the AI4STEM Curriculum, focusing on the application of AI in education, introducing the 5 Big Ideas in AI using the Internet of Things (IoT) in STEM education.

Introduction to AI Module

• The module explores Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its contemporary applications in daily life to assist teachers in understanding and teaching the subject in the classroom, using AI examples and exploring the interaction between AI and the Internet of Things (IoT).
• Teachers can find information about what AI is and its applications in everyday life and with IoT.
• Scenarios on how AI and the IoT can be approached through the lens of the 5 Big Ideas and with a focus on Societal Impact.

Glossary of Key Terms

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field combining computer science and robust datasets for problem-solving.
• AI systems perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, including visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation.
• A Robot refers to an automatically operated machine replacing human effort, potentially without human-like appearance or functions.
• Capacity-based AI categorizes AI into three capability types based on learning and knowledge application: Artificial Narrow Intelligence, Artificial General Intelligence, and Artificial Superintelligence.
• Functionality-Based AI sorts AI by how it uses learning to process data, respond to stimuli, and interact with its environment.
• The AI4K12 project is focused on teaching Al in K-12 in the US, aligning their vision for Al education to the CSTA standards for computer science education.
• Internet of Things (IoT) involves computer tools automating real-world processes to reduce direct human participation, defined as the ability of computing devices to transfer information over a network without needing human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves machines simulating human intelligence processes via computer programs to add capabilities to different products and services.
• Compared to humans, AI develops algorithms and systems to perform tasks needing human intelligence like reasoning, self-learning, problem solving, pattern recognition, decision-making, and language understanding.
• One key feature of Al is its ability to learn in these ways:
• Supervised learning involves a person teaching the AI what to do in certain situations.
• Semi-supervised learning involves the AI being shown images that are unclassified, and the AI classifies itself.
• Unsupervised learning involves the Al having access to multiple images of mixed cats and dogs and the Al itself identifies patterns and differentiates the images autonomously.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

• AI exists in various types, offering a unique set of applications and advantages to solve complex problems.
• The classification of AI types is based on two primary criteria: Capacity-based and Functionality-Based.
• Capacity-based AI includes:
• Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), is designed for specific tasks and cannot learn beyond its programming, typically used in image recognition, self-driving cars, and AI assistants like Siri or Alexa.
• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) describes AI capable of learning, thinking, and performing tasks nearly as well as humans, with the goal of creating multitasking machines for everyday life.
• Artificial Superintelligence (ASI) describes machines of general intelligence that continue to learn and can become stronger than any human, a concept often seen in science fiction movies.
• AI sorted on functionality includes:
• Reactive Machines, the most basic AI, react immediately to requests but lack memory or past learning, used in spam filtering and Netflix movie recommendations. IBM's Deep Blue, which defeated chess grandmaster Gary Kasparov in 1997, is an example.
• Limited Memory AI stores past data to improve performance and make predictions. Most current AI applications like chatbots and self-driving cars fall under this category.
• Theory of Mind AI models emotions and subtle environmental changes to act accordingly.
• Self-Aware AI, is a type of AI that reaches its singularity. This means that Al machines would be out of control and think independently. Sophia, created by Hanson Robotics, exemplifies advanced AI, though not technically self-aware.

AI in the Classroom

• Teachers can introduce AI by showing examples and having students identify their uses and how they work.
• Examples of AI to use as demonstration for AI use could be robots, virtual assistants, facial recognition apps, self-driven cars, chatbot websites, and Netflix recommendations.
• Teachers can then have can start a conversation about AI using questions such as "Do all this Al's work in the same way?" and "What are the bigger differences you can name? Why do you think they work/act differently."
• Then, students can make groups and organize the different types of AI so the teacher can explain to the students why they are different.
• Students will learn the different types of AI.

AI in Everyday Life

• AI is used in facial recognition, Netflix recommendations, healthcare, finance, transportation, entertainment, and education sectors.
• Google search engines use of AI includes voice and image search, translation, maps and pattern analysis to reveal personalized content.
• Virtual assistants such as Apple's Siri or Amazon's Alexa utilize natural language processing (NLP), speech recognition, and smart device integration.
• Self-driving cars use autonomous transportation.
• In medicine, AI helps in medical diagnoses to assist doctors in detecting anomalies.
• Adaptive AI is available in educational platforms such as Khan Academy, Duolingo, and Squirrel AI.
• In modern homes, smart thermostats and safety systems use AI to learn user preferences and improve adjustments.

AI Classroom Task

• To have students discover how much they depend on AI in everyday life.
• Teachers can ask the following:
• Do you think Al has made our life better or easier? Why?
• Do you have any smart equipment at home? What does it do? How does it help you/your family?
• Do you remember any Al that we use here at school? Do you think it is useful?
• Can you name areas that might be improved with the use of AI?
• Discuss how Al is a part of their daily routine, and how AI is more than just a robot working.

Five Big Ideas of AI

• The "Five Big Ideas" of Artificial Intelligence (AI) were proposed by John Haugeland as a way to summarize the key concepts that make up the area of AI:
• Perception - Al has enabled computers to perceive the world with sensors to ‘see' and ‘hear' for practical use.
• Representation & Reasoning - Al helps generate a semblance of representation and reasoning that can help to work with big data.
• Learning - Al helps generate the ability to learn from inputs and provide statistical interference that helps in finding patterns in data.
• Natural Interaction - Al agents require many kinds of knowledge to interact with humans naturally.
• Societal Impact - Al has both a positive and negative impact on society and should have balance between using and limiting technology.

Societal Impact in AI

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a significant impact on society in various sectors, transforming aspects of society and bringing with it benefits and challenges.
• Societal impacts are in:
• Automating repetitive and predictable tasks in industries
• Health and Medicine to improve safety, reduce costs and improve the accuracy of treatments
• Transport to improve safety, develop autonomous systems, improve traffic and offer more accessibility to people with reduced mobility.
• Education to personalize education to enable student needs.
• E-Commerce is used to create personalized product recommendations and improve online shopping.
• Accessibility originates technologies that make life more accessible for people with disabilities
• Cyber Security detects cyber threats and patterns in attacks to improve security of networks and systems
• Ethics and Privacy raises ethical and privacy issues with use and analysis of personal data.
• Global decision-making is used to help the efficiency of public administration, predict risks, and make informed decisions.
• The Societal Impact of Al can be positive or negative, with biases in the data while training.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence

• IoT is strongly connected to Al and helps to process and create an appropriate response to an event signaled by the IoT, which means that Al is essential to loT.
• The question that loT users asking is not if Al should be used, but how far can Al be taken. The complexity of the questions relies on complexities of the real-world support of the IoT.
• Simple, rule-based Al applications could say "If trigger switch in pressed, turn on light A"
• Sophisticated Al applications might say “If trigger switch is pressed, and it's dark, turn on light A”.
• Applications:
• Robots in Manufacturing
• Robots facilitate data transmission and using AI can better learn.
• Sensors can provide AI with algorithms to save time and cost and improve efficiency.
• Self-driving Cars
• Self-driving cars predict pedestrian behavior to better guide the car using algorithms.
• Considers road conditions, weather, optimal speed to connect with IoT to improve efficiently.
• Smart Thermostat Solution
• Able to check and manage temperatures via AI-powered IoT using schedules and preferences

IoT and AI Classroom Task

• Students should share examples where IoT and AI can be used from examples or role play.
• For example, the following could be used:
• Smart parking system studies the movement of cars in an office or school park and then, with the help of sensors and cameras, creates an algorithm that analyzes data so it can send each car to the most convenient place in the park.
• A healthy diet monitoring system collects data of the choices each student makes while choosing their lunch and, with the help of sensors, gives the student the most healthy choices they can have.
• Students will learn about IoT and AI working together.

Ethics in Artificial Intelligence

• As the use of Al becomes more common, it raises ethical concerns, including fairness, data responsibility and privacy, climate degradation, threaten human rights, accountability, and technology misuse.
• AI use in education should consider the potential invasion of privacy via virtual assistants that can collect data about student behavior, preferences, and learning patterns.
• Over dependence of AI in education can prevent the development of social and personal skills like communication, perseverance, or critical thinking.

Task for Ethics and Al in the Classroom

• Students can look at what school equipment is used in the classroom that uses AI.
• Teachers can have students define the technologies' benefits and drawbacks and focus on potential positive and negative aspects of each equipment’s use.
• Students will deliver some safe rules while using the equipment.
• Students will review ethical issue pertaining to AI, create guiding principle, gain conscience about risk,
• Students will share their conclusions.
• In the end, anchor chart should be created with suggestions.