Agrarian Reform and Democracy Transition
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Questions and Answers

What is the total area accomplished for Private Agricultural Lands as of 31 December 2015?

  • 3,184,041 ha
  • 575,272 ha
  • 81.9%
  • 2,608,769 ha (correct)

    • Which mode of acquisition has the highest percentage of working scope accomplished?

  • Voluntary offer to sell (VOS)
  • Operation Land Transfer (OLT) (correct)
  • Settlement
  • Non-Private Agricultural Lands (Non-PAL)

    • What is the remaining balance for Compulsory Acquisition as of 01 January 2016?

  • 767,359 ha
  • 46.5%
  • 410,270 ha (correct)
  • 357,089 ha

    • What is the Gini coefficient related to for Land, Income, and School?

    <p>They measure equality in wealth distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sector has the lowest percentage of the working scope accomplished?

    <p>Compulsory acquisition (CA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total national scope of land acquisition reported?

    <p>5,339,930 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of working scope accomplished for Government Financial Institutions lands?

    <p>92.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much land is reported as accomplished for Voluntary Land Transfer as of 31 December 2015?

    <p>835,570 ha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary intention of the shift from tenure reform to agrarian reform?

    <p>To ensure greater productivity and lower inequality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do democratic institutions enhance political power according to the content?

    <p>By promoting wider participation of the majority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the major outcomes of the Agrarian Reform Program as discussed in the content?

    <p>Development constraints imposed by the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is argued to be more productive according to the Agrarian Reform Program?

    <p>Small-sized farms resulting from land redistribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of the law contradicting market forces?

    <p>Development constraints and inefficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the outcomes of agrarian reform in the Philippines?

    <p>Transaction costs and lack of credible commitments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents one of the main focuses in the review of literature on agrarian reform?

    <p>The necessity of land and agrarian reform for economic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of enhancing democratic institutions as noted in the content?

    <p>It ensures that the political power of the majority is enhanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the working scope has not been distributed?

    <p>11.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of land acquisition has the least completion rate?

    <p>Compulsory Acquisition (CA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the distributed lands are classified as government-owned?

    <p>26%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which administration first initiated the distribution of public lands to increase accomplishments?

    <p>Ramos administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined percentage of land distributed through the voluntary modes (VLT and VOS)?

    <p>32%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall proportion of distributed land that is classified as compulsory?

    <p>19%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following constitutes the highest portion of land distribution?

    <p>Public lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total distributed land is attributed to landed estates?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the domination of the elite in government and refers to the initial tribal royalty?

    <p>Cacique democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups became the new elites after the Spanish colonial period?

    <p>Chinese mestizos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of Marcos' Agrarian Reform Program?

    <p>To redistribute land and assets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Cory Aquino's presidency restore after decades of elite control under Marcos?

    <p>Democratic structures dominated by elites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Marcos use to refer to the elite families he sought to diminish?

    <p>Oligarchs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the cacique democracy by the 1960s?

    <p>Uncontrolled corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were public goods affected by the fragile state structures in the Philippines?

    <p>They were limited and inefficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cournot–Nash equilibrium illustrate in the context of power among elites?

    <p>Competitive cooperation among families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common argument in favor of family labor compared to hired labor?

    <p>Family labor has greater productivity in smaller farms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory discusses the efficiency of different labor engagements in agrarian economies?

    <p>Agency Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that previous studies often overlook when assessing farm size efficiency?

    <p>Supervision costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the political economy view suggest about land reforms?

    <p>They can serve as redistributive policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might land redistribution affect wages in a locality?

    <p>It can increase wages by reducing the number of workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of larger-sized farms is questioned in the content?

    <p>Their efficiency compared to smaller-sized farms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT significantly affect contract efficiency in agrarian economies according to the discussed theories?

    <p>Land availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do previous studies incorrectly claim regarding smaller farm sizes and agrarian reform?

    <p>They produce clear and measurable benefits from reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Shift from Tenure Reform to Agrarian Reform

    • Transition from natural states to open access states suggests democratic evolution.
    • Aim to enhance productivity and reduce inequality through legal and institutional changes.
    • Importance of a democratic system for inclusive participation of the majority.

    Philippine Agrarian Reform Program

    • Movement from land reform to agrarian reform due to economic and social inefficiencies.
    • High transaction costs and lack of credible commitments hindered program outcomes.
    • Law contradicted market dynamics, becoming a barrier to development.
    • Democratic and market-led institutions are essential for the success of social programs.

    Justifications for Agrarian Reform

    • Agrarian reform promotes agricultural efficiency through smaller farm sizes.
    • Family labor on smaller farms reportedly yields higher productivity compared to hired labor.
    • Ending shared tenancy arrangements is crucial for improving productivity.

    Agency Theory Perspective

    • Agency theory argues for considering risks in agrarian economies and efficient contract arrangements.
    • Past studies that emphasize smaller farms' advantages may overlook factors like supervision, technology, and land quality.
    • No definitive evidence shows that smaller farms outperform larger, organizationally scalable farms in productivity.

    Redistributive Aspect of Agrarian Reform

    • Land redistribution can increase farmers' returns by eliminating intermediaries and enhancing their land claims.
    • Decreasing local laborers and transforming them into employers can raise wages and reduce poverty.
    • Political economy supports land reform as a redistributive mechanism with empirical backing.

    Accomplishments of Land Acquisition and Distribution

    • 88.4% of target land distribution accomplished as of December 2015, with 621,085 hectares remaining.
    • Government land significant in distribution, with compulsory acquisitions lagging at 46.5%.
    • Majority of distributed lands were voluntary (VLT and VOS).

    Historical Context of Elite Control

    • Philippine political history influenced by elite families (caciques) maintaining power under colonial regimes.
    • Dictator Marcos initially weakened elite power but created a new elite based on his support.
    • Post-Marcos era saw old elites return to power, reclaiming land and property.

    Challenges of Governance and Institutions

    • Cacique democracy led to entrenched corruption and inefficient public goods provision.
    • Political stability heavily reliant on elite control results in an imbalance of power and resources.
    • Fragile state institutions hinder equitable public service delivery and resource management.

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    Description

    Explore the transition from tenure reform to agrarian reform in the context of establishing democratic systems. This quiz delves into the implications for laws, institutions, productivity, and inequality within these frameworks. Assess your understanding of these critical socio-political changes.

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