Aging, Stereotypes, and Ageism Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is characterized by a significant increase in population size?

  • Technopolosion
  • Population Implosion
  • Population Explosion (correct)
  • Population Displosion
  • Which demographic transition stage is marked by populations concentrating in urban areas?

  • Population Explosion
  • Population Implosion (correct)
  • Technopolosion
  • Population Displosion
  • Which type of diseases became the leading causes of death in the late 1800s?

  • Acute Infections (correct)
  • Preventable Deaths
  • Chronic Diseases
  • Degenerative Diseases
  • What is the primary characteristic of Technopolosion?

    <p>Spread of new technology leading to health improvements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does epidemiology primarily study?

    <p>Patterns of illness and disease spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of aging is influenced by cognitive and behavioral changes?

    <p>Learning and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture affect the perception of older adults?

    <p>Old age can signify high status in some contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines ageism?

    <p>Stereotyping and discrimination against older individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gerontology specifically study?

    <p>The issues related to later life and aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do stereotypes about aging provide in society?

    <p>A basis for age-related discrimination and prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life course theory emphasizes which of the following aspects of aging?

    <p>The influence of social structure and individual agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence individual life pathways according to life course theory?

    <p>Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in social roles and relationships as part of aging are referred to as which type of aging?

    <p>Social aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes frailty in individuals?

    <p>Imbalances across physiological systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors significantly contribute to the rate of decline in bodily functions with age?

    <p>Cellular respiration and lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological systems are likely to change as individuals age?

    <p>Muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are age effects primarily attributed to?

    <p>Biological, psychological, and social aging processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common change experienced in motor and sensory systems with age?

    <p>Increased speed in cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes cohort effects?

    <p>Shared socio-economic and cultural experiences of individuals born during the same time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does cross-sectional research have?

    <p>It does not allow for the separation of age, cohort, and period effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of motor performance is impacted by changes in the muscular system due to aging?

    <p>Higher risk of falls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In longitudinal research, what does the panel design refer to?

    <p>Examining the same group of individuals at multiple time points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'multidimensionality of aging' imply?

    <p>Aging varies across biological, psychological, and social aspects for each individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about aging is correct?

    <p>Aging does not necessarily lead to decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reported difficulty in performing activities of daily life (ADLs) an indication of?

    <p>Disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do external constraints influence aging?

    <p>They can increase the risk for diseases and disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in life expectancy from the late 1800s to the present?

    <p>Life expectancy increased from 50 years to 80 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does demographic data help us understand?

    <p>Variations in health, lifestyles, and characteristics of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cohort in the context of demographics?

    <p>A set of birth cohorts sharing life experiences and characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential impact of population aging on the economy?

    <p>Slower economic growth due to a shrinking workforce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Canada's population start to experience accelerated aging?

    <p>In 2011 due to the aging Baby Boom generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'centenarian'?

    <p>A person aged 100 years or older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the median age of a population defined?

    <p>The age that divides the population into equal numbers of younger and older people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the total dependency ratio measure?

    <p>The balance between dependents and those able to work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one argument against the narrative of the aging population being a societal burden?

    <p>Declining fertility may lead to more women in the workforce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do foundational theories play in aging research?

    <p>They provide high-level guidance in social research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aging

    • Chronological, biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging interact
    • Culture and historical contexts also shape how we age
    • Age and status of older people are linked to the period of history and culture
    • In some cultures, old age is a sign of high status; in others, a sign of decline and lack of productivity
    • The value of older adults in society is socially and culturally constructed and changes overtime

    Stereotypes

    • Aging-related stereotypes and misconceptions exist
    • Stereotypes are exaggerations of attributes of a group of individuals
    • Stereotypes contribute to discrimination and prejudice
    • Stereotypes are reproduced in interactions and media (TV, film, ads)

    Ageism

    • Ageism is the systematic stereotyping and discrimination against older people
    • Ageism is socially constructed, expressed and reproduced in media, and can be individual or institutional
    • Ageist stereotypes include the idea that older people can't drive, smell, aren't sexual, etc.

    Gerontology

    • Gerontology is the multidisciplinary study of aging
    • The scientific study (biological, behavioural, social) of aging processes
    • Gerontology goes hand in hand with geriatrics (medicine)

    Life Course Theory

    • Life course theory allows gerontologists to study aging
    • Gerontologists study individuals and aging, as well as cohorts of people (those born around the same time)
    • Life course theory urges us to think about life histories and pathways, agency and social structure, and micro/macro analyses

    Life Course Histories and Pathways

    • Experiences early in life affect later experiences
    • Individual life pathways are influenced by: Socioeconomic status (SES), gender, ethnicity, religion, race, immigration status, sexuality, etc.

    Demographic Transitions

    • Demographic transitions affected many nations from the 1800s and after
    • FOUR STAGES of demographic transition affected population size and age structure
    • STAGE 1: Population explosion: A big increase in population
    • STAGE 2: Population implosion: Populations concentrated in urban areas
    • STAGE 3: Population displosion: Population became heterogeneous due to migration
    • STAGE 4: Technoplosion: Spread of new technology, creating improvements in public health (disease control, public sanitation, longevity)

    Epidemiological Transitions

    • Epidemiology is the study of how diseases spread and who gets them
    • Leading causes of death in the late 1800s: Acute infections like tuberculosis, influenza, cholera
    • Leading causes of death today: Chronic and degenerative diseases like cancer, stroke, heart disease, and preventable deaths (MVAs)
    • There were major improvements to hygiene, food access, education, sanitation, water quality, etc.
    • This increased life expectancy from 50 years in the late 1800s to 80 years now.

    Demography and Cohorts

    • Demographic data helps us understand variations in size, composition, lifestyles, health, and characteristics of a population
    • Demographic data helps us understand variations WITHIN the population (generations and cohorts)
    • Generations are sets of birth cohorts who share life experiences and have characteristics that distinguish them from other generations (e.g., Baby Boomers, Gen Z, Millennials)
    • Age can cause tension or conflict between cohorts (ageism)

    Apocalyptic Aging

    • Increase in ageist narratives framing older adults as a burden or downfall of society, fueling discrimination and marginalization of older adults

    Global Population Aging

    • 10% of the world's population is 65 and older
    • Not all nations are aging at the same rate (many countries are still young)
    • All nations will have to plan for an aging population in the future

    Impacts of Population Aging

    • Population aging will slow economic growth
    • Increase in retirement, increase in worker age, decrease in young workers = smaller workforce, slower productivity
    • Declining fertility may counterbalance the aging workforce
    • Retirement age could increase, which could increase the number of pre-retirement workers

    Canadian Population Aging

    • Accelerated population aging began in 2011
    • The Baby Boom was aging (make up a large portion of the population)

    Centenarians in Canada

    • A centenarian is a person over 100 years old

    Demographic Change Terms

    • Median age: the age at which the population divides into equal numbers of younger and older people (the higher the median age, the older the population is getting)
    • Life expectancy: the average number of years of life remaining for an individual at a given age (i.e., at birth)
    • Active life expectancy: 'Disability free' life expectancy
    • Birth and death rates: rates of births and deaths (usually per 1,000 people in a 1 year period)
    • Sex ratio: Number of males per 100 females in a population
    • Total dependency ratio: Total number of people less than 19 and more than 65 (young AND old dependents) divided by the number of people who are 'eligible' to be in the labour force (aged 19-64)

    Theories in Aging Research

    • Theories help us understand and interpret the phenomena we observe
    • Theories provide a set of propositions to model how the social and physical world operates
    • Theories address WHY and HOW questions, encourage knowledge development
    • Foundational theories: provide high-level guidance in social research
    • Age effects: Differences attributed to biological, psychological, and social aging processes of the individual (e.g., older people walk more slowly than younger people)
    • Cohort effects: Socio-economic and cultural experiences shared by all individuals born around the same time (e.g., people born before the 1940s prefer phone calls over video calls)
    • Period effects: Historical and societal events that affect all individuals in the population regardless of age or birth cohort (e.g., people born before 1972 are more likely to have received the smallpox vaccine)
    • Cross-sectional research: Recording observations of individuals at different ages, and reporting findings for each age group
    • Longitudinal research: Collecting data overtime
    • Panel Design: The same people, households, organizations are studied at different times
    • Cohort/Trend Design: People sharing the same experiences are studied at different times, but different people may be studied each time

    Aging is a Heterogeneous and Multidimensional Experience

    • Everyone experiences aging differently
    • Everyone experiences SOME DECLINE in health and gradual loss of physical, motor, and cognitive abilities with age; this is NORMAL
    • Aging is NOT a disease or a disability
    • Aging should not be medicalized
    • The risk for certain diseases and disabilities increases with age: Individual factors (genetics, life history), choices (lifestyle), external constraints (SES, gender, housing, work conditions)
    • Disability: Difficulty performing ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIFE (ADLs) or INSTRUMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIFE (IADLs)
    • ADLs: Getting out of bed, grooming, toileting
    • IADLs: Shopping, meal prepping, banking, cleaning, driving, etc.
    • Frailty: Characterized by impairments across physiological systems that often entail imbalances in systems
    • Frailty involves weakness, decrease in muscle tone, and susceptibility to adverse health outcomes

    Changes in Physiological Systems with Age

    • Changes to internal systems occur with age
    • Muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems change
    • These changes are usually not noticed until they impact our lives

    Changes in Motor and Sensory Systems with Age

    • Nervous system activity slows with age, leading to slower motor, cognitive, and sensory processes
    • Neurocognitive disorders and dementia may start to appear BUT ARE NOT A NORMAL PART OF AGING and will not affect everyone

    Motor Performance

    • Motor performance: Action involving muscles to perform skills like walking, grabbing/lifting objects, etc.

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    Description

    Explore the intricate relationship between aging, societal stereotypes, and ageism through this quiz. Understand how chronological, biological, psychological, and cultural factors influence perceptions of older adults. Delve into the impact of stereotypes on age-related discrimination and the construction of old age in different cultures.

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