Aging and Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of reversible cell injury?

  • Adaptations that enable cells to cope with stresses without changing
  • Functional and structural changes that are not permanent (correct)
  • Permanent structural changes in cells
  • Increased muscle mass in response to decreased workload

    • What is the result of cells being constantly exposed to potentially damaging agents?

  • Homeostasis and a steady state
  • Reversible cell injury with permanent structural changes
  • Cellular death and degeneration
  • Cellular adaptations that enable cells to cope with stresses (correct)

    • What is the term for the ability of cells to maintain a steady state despite external or internal stresses?

  • Cellular stress response
  • Homeostasis (correct)
  • Reversible cell injury
  • Cellular adaptation

    • What is the outcome of cells undergoing changes in response to increased workload?

    <p>Increased muscle mass in response to increased workload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for changes that enable cells to cope with stresses?

    <p>Cellular adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells being exposed to potentially damaging agents?

    <p>Reversible cell injury with functional and structural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for changes that occur in cells in response to external or internal stresses?

    <p>Cellular adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of cells maintaining a steady state despite external or internal stresses?

    <p>Homeostasis and a steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of severe injury to the cell structure?

    <p>Permanent cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the injurious agent is removed from the cell?

    <p>The cell damage can be corrected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of severe injury to the cell structure?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe irreversible cell damage?

    <p>Irreversible injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the influx of water into the cell?

    <p>Cell expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of cell damage correction?

    <p>Cell repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of mild cell injury?

    <p>Cell recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of necrosis?

    <p>Chemical and physical injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic microscopic finding of necrosis?

    <p>Fibrinoid necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of an unusual leakage of enzymes from cells?

    <p>Injury to adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome of immune reactions in necrosis?

    <p>Formation of immune complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of injury that can cause necrosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of immune responses in necrosis?

    <p>Extravasation of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of basophilic calcium deposits?

    <p>They are a type of necrotic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome of necrosis in the pancreas?

    <p>Pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of apoptosis in cellular processes?

    <p>To eliminate cells that are no longer needed or damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a result of necrotic cell death?

    <p>Programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of karyorrhexis in cellular biology?

    <p>It is a stage of necrotic cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a diagnostic marker for pancreatitis?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

    <p>The involvement of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Tissue architecture preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of pyruvate kinase in cellular biology?

    <p>It is an enzyme involved in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unprogrammed cell death due to various causes?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth factors in promoting apoptosis?

    <p>They promote apoptosis by activating pro-apoptotic genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pathway that is initiated by death receptors?

    <p>Extrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of BCL-2 gene mutations in tumors?

    <p>Decreased apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gene that is associated with B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>BCL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis?

    <p>It is involved in the intrinsic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of uncontrolled cell growth in tumors?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of programmed cell death?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BCL-2 in apoptosis?

    <p>It inhibits apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Injury

    • Cellular injury is a slow, progressive process
    • It occurs due to constant exposure to potentially damaging agents
    • Cells normally maintain a steady state, called homeostasis, despite exposure to potential damaging agents
    • Cellular injury can lead to cellular adaptations, reversible cell injury, or irreversible cell injury

    Reversible Cell Injury

    • Characterized by functional and structural changes in cells that are not permanent
    • Cells can recover from reversible cell injury once the injurious agent is removed
    • Examples of reversible cell injury include increased muscle mass in response to increased workload
    • Cellular adaptations, such as changes in plasma membrane structures, can occur in response to cellular injury

    Irreversible Cell Injury

    • Leads to cell death (necrosis)
    • Can occur due to severe or sustained injury, such as ischemia, exposure to toxins, or physical damage
    • Irreversible cell injury can lead to necrotic cell death, characterized by swelling of cells, and eventual rupture of the cell membrane
    • Necrotic cell death can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to further tissue damage

    Necrosis

    • Can be caused by various factors, including ischemia, exposure to toxins, physical damage, and immune reactions
    • Types of necrosis include:
      • Coagulative necrosis, characterized by protein denaturation and cell membrane rupture
      • Fibrinoid necrosis, characterized by deposition of fibrin and formation of a fibrinoid matrix
      • Apoptosis, a form of cellular suicide

    Apoptosis

    • A form of cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are no longer needed or are damaged beyond repair
    • Occurs through two pathways: the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway and the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
    • Apoptosis is a controlled process that does not elicit an inflammatory response
    • Mechanisms of apoptosis include:
      • Activation of grow factors and subsequent promotion of cell survival
      • Inhibition of BCL-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, through genetic aberrations
      • Regulation of the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins

    Mechanisms of Apoptosis

    • The mitochondrial pathway involves the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, leading to activation of caspases
    • The death receptor pathway involves the activation of death receptors, such as Fas, leading to activation of caspases
    • Both pathways lead to the degradation of cellular components and eventual cell death

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of aging, its effects on the body, and the role of homeostasis in maintaining a steady state. Learn about the progressive changes that occur with aging and how they impact our overall health.

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