Aging and Homeostasis

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Functional and structural changes that are not permanent

What is the result of cells being constantly exposed to potentially damaging agents?

Cellular adaptations that enable cells to cope with stresses

What is the term for the ability of cells to maintain a steady state despite external or internal stresses?

Homeostasis

What is the outcome of cells undergoing changes in response to increased workload?

Increased muscle mass in response to increased workload Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for changes that enable cells to cope with stresses?

Cellular adaptations Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cells being exposed to potentially damaging agents?

Reversible cell injury with functional and structural changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for changes that occur in cells in response to external or internal stresses?

Cellular adaptations Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of cells maintaining a steady state despite external or internal stresses?

Homeostasis and a steady state Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of severe injury to the cell structure?

Permanent cell damage Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the injurious agent is removed from the cell?

The cell damage can be corrected Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of severe injury to the cell structure?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe irreversible cell damage?

Irreversible injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the influx of water into the cell?

Cell expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of irreversible cell injury?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process of cell damage correction?

Cell repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of mild cell injury?

Cell recovery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of necrosis?

Chemical and physical injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic microscopic finding of necrosis?

Fibrinoid necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of an unusual leakage of enzymes from cells?

Injury to adjacent cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of immune reactions in necrosis?

Formation of immune complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of injury that can cause necrosis?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the activation of immune responses in necrosis?

Extravasation of plasma proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of basophilic calcium deposits?

They are a type of necrotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the common outcome of necrosis in the pancreas?

Pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of apoptosis in cellular processes?

To eliminate cells that are no longer needed or damaged Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a result of necrotic cell death?

Programmed cell death Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of karyorrhexis in cellular biology?

It is a stage of necrotic cell death Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is commonly used as a diagnostic marker for pancreatitis?

Amylase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

The involvement of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of coagulative necrosis?

Tissue architecture preservation Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of pyruvate kinase in cellular biology?

It is an enzyme involved in glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of unprogrammed cell death due to various causes?

Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth factors in promoting apoptosis?

They promote apoptosis by activating pro-apoptotic genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pathway that is initiated by death receptors?

Extrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of BCL-2 gene mutations in tumors?

Decreased apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene that is associated with B-cell lymphoma?

BCL-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mitochondrial pathway in apoptosis?

It is involved in the intrinsic pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of uncontrolled cell growth in tumors?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of programmed cell death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of BCL-2 in apoptosis?

It inhibits apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Injury

Cellular injury is a slow, progressive process
It occurs due to constant exposure to potentially damaging agents
Cells normally maintain a steady state, called homeostasis, despite exposure to potential damaging agents
Cellular injury can lead to cellular adaptations, reversible cell injury, or irreversible cell injury

Reversible Cell Injury

Characterized by functional and structural changes in cells that are not permanent
Cells can recover from reversible cell injury once the injurious agent is removed
Examples of reversible cell injury include increased muscle mass in response to increased workload
Cellular adaptations, such as changes in plasma membrane structures, can occur in response to cellular injury

Irreversible Cell Injury

Leads to cell death (necrosis)
Can occur due to severe or sustained injury, such as ischemia, exposure to toxins, or physical damage
Irreversible cell injury can lead to necrotic cell death, characterized by swelling of cells, and eventual rupture of the cell membrane
Necrotic cell death can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to further tissue damage

Necrosis

Can be caused by various factors, including ischemia, exposure to toxins, physical damage, and immune reactions
Types of necrosis include:
- Coagulative necrosis, characterized by protein denaturation and cell membrane rupture
- Fibrinoid necrosis, characterized by deposition of fibrin and formation of a fibrinoid matrix
- Apoptosis, a form of cellular suicide

Apoptosis

A form of cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are no longer needed or are damaged beyond repair
Occurs through two pathways: the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway and the death receptor (extrinsic) pathway
Apoptosis is a controlled process that does not elicit an inflammatory response
Mechanisms of apoptosis include:
- Activation of grow factors and subsequent promotion of cell survival
- Inhibition of BCL-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, through genetic aberrations
- Regulation of the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins

Mechanisms of Apoptosis

The mitochondrial pathway involves the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, leading to activation of caspases
The death receptor pathway involves the activation of death receptors, such as Fas, leading to activation of caspases
Both pathways lead to the degradation of cellular components and eventual cell death

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Description

This quiz explores the concept of aging, its effects on the body, and the role of homeostasis in maintaining a steady state. Learn about the progressive changes that occur with aging and how they impact our overall health.