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Questions and Answers
What was the primary intellectual and cultural movement that shaped the French Revolution?
Which of the following was NOT a major contribution of the Enlightenment thinkers to the French Revolution?
What was a significant consequence of the abolition of the Estate system in France during the French Revolution?
Which faction played a central role in the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution?
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What was a key difference between the French Revolution and the American Revolution?
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What was the primary objective of the Continental System implemented by Napoleon?
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What was a major consequence of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812?
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What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
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What was the role of Toussaint L'Ouverture in the Haitian Revolution?
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What was the main goal of Simón BolÃvar and José de San MartÃn in the South American revolutions?
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Study Notes
Age of Enlightenment
- Promoted reason, individualism, and democracy, challenging traditional authority and feudalism
- Key figures: René Descartes, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Adam Smith
- Contributed to modern concepts of individual rights and freedoms, influencing political revolutions
Salons and Coffeehouses
- Fostered intellectual exchange, debate, and critiques of authority during the Enlightenment
- Provided a platform for intellectuals to share and discuss new ideas
French Revolution
Causes and Background
- Primary factors: social inequality, economic crisis, and the Estates-General system
- Estate-General's role: represented the Third Estate, seeking reform and representation
Key Events
- Storming of the Bastille: a pivotal moment, symbolizing the end of absolute monarchy
- Reign of Terror: a period of violence and executions during Robespierre's leadership
- Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette: symbolizing the end of the monarchy
- Abolition of the Estate system: brought significant social and political changes
Factions and Leaders
- Jacobins, Girondins, and sans-culottes: played significant roles in the Revolution
- Key leaders: Maximilien Robespierre, Georges Danton, and Paul Barras
Governments and Long-term Effects
- Four different governments rose and fell during the Revolution
- Long-term effects: impacted political ideologies, nationalism, and international relations
- Significance: a turning point in world history, influencing subsequent revolutions and movements
Napoleonic Era
Reforms and Rise to Power
- Domestic reforms: centralized administration, secularized education, and reorganized France into departments
- Napoleonic Code: reshaped French law and society
- Path to power: coup d'état, becoming Emperor of the French
Military Campaigns and Conquests
- Invasion of Russia: failed campaign, leading to significant consequences
- Continental System: impacted European trade and economies
- Military campaigns and conquests: reshaped the map of Europe and international relations
Downfall and Exile
- Reasons for downfall: military defeats, economic hardship, and coalition opposition
- Exile to Elba and subsequent return to power during the Hundred Days
- Final defeat and exile: Battle of Waterloo
- Congress of Vienna: restored stability and order to Europe after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Haitian and South American Revolutions
Haitian Revolution
- Social, economic, and political factors: slavery, colonialism, and racial inequality
- Toussaint L'Ouverture's role: led the Haitian Revolution, fighting for independence and abolition of slavery
- Impact: ended slavery in Haiti, inspired abolitionist movements, and reshaped the Caribbean and Atlantic world
South American Revolutions
- Causes: social and economic discontent, Peninsulare system, and external factors (Napoleonic Wars and European politics)
- Key leaders: Simón BolÃvar and José de San MartÃn
- Contributions: led to independence from Spanish colonial rule, shaping the modern nation-states of South America
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Description
Explore the major principles and figures of the Enlightenment, their contributions to philosophy, economics, and politics, and their impact on modern concepts of individual rights and freedoms. Understand how salons and coffeehouses facilitated intellectual exchange and how Enlightenment ideas influenced political revolutions.
