African-American Cultures and Slavery
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Questions and Answers

What played a crucial role in shaping African-American cultures during slavery?

  • Exposure to European traditions
  • Integration into Native American societies
  • Working in diverse occupations
  • Maintaining kinship ties and cultural roots (correct)

What was a significant impact of African-American cultures on enslaved communities?

  • Reduction in family separations
  • Adoption of European customs
  • Formation of economic alliances
  • Basis for resistance and resilience (correct)

How did African cultural influences manifest in the Americas?

  • Through the elimination of all previous customs
  • By fostering diverse new cultural practices (correct)
  • By creating a homogeneous culture
  • Only among the wealthy class

What is the primary focus of the chapter mentioned in the content?

<p>The development of indentured servitude and racial slavery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did kinship ties play in the experience of enslaved Africans?

<p>They helped in preserving cultural identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the history of African-American cultures in the United States?

<p>They serve as a fundamental part of American culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provided the foundation for black resistance according to the information?

<p>Cultural practices developed from African roots (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the experience of Africans in the Americas?

<p>Creation of new, blended cultural forms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place in Jamestown in August 1619 regarding Africans?

<p>The first arrivals of African slaves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geographic areas were the primary origins of the Africans who arrived in Jamestown?

<p>Bight of Biafra and West Central Africa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the cultural impacts of the concentration of enslaved Africans in Virginia?

<p>Continuation of family and kinship networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were some of the earliest documented Africans in Jamestown?

<p>Antonio and Mary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice among the Virginia gentry contributed to the concentration of enslaved Africans?

<p>Inheritance practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the baptism of Antonio and Mary’s son indicate about their cultural beliefs?

<p>They maintained some African customs and beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which plantation did Mary become a resident after her arrival in Jamestown?

<p>Bennett’s Welcome Plantation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the early African settlers in Jamestown?

<p>Most of them remain anonymous in history. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary type of labor used in the tobacco fields of Virginia and Maryland in the early colonial period?

<p>African indentured servants (B), European indentured servants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop was NOT mentioned as a significant product of African slave labor in the American colonies?

<p>Wheat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic change contributed to the decline of indentured servitude in the Chesapeake colonies?

<p>The rise of racial slavery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What legal development in colonies like Virginia and Maryland reinforced the institution of slavery?

<p>Laws defining racial slavery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the slave societies of the Chesapeake colonies differ from those in the Low Country colonies?

<p>Low Country economies were predominantly based on rice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connection did the North American mainland have with the broader Atlantic World during the colonial era?

<p>It played a crucial role in trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Africans and African-Americans develop in response to their legal status as chattel property?

<p>Strong family bonds and kinship networks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the institution of slavery is highlighted as being particularly brutal and destructive?

<p>Patterns and systems established during the colonial era (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of laborers were enslaved Africans by the early 1700s?

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which counties in Maryland had at least half of the state's enslaved population?

<p>Calvert, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was one of the first African Marylanders aboard the Ark?

<p>Mathias de Sousa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system did Maryland adopt in 1640 to address labor shortages?

<p>Head-right system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Calvert family support the early settlers financially?

<p>By personally supporting financial needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the condition of enslaved Africans in Maryland at the close of the seventeenth century compared to Virginia?

<p>There were far fewer enslaved Africans in Maryland than in Virginia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of laborers dominated the Maryland workforce throughout the seventeenth century?

<p>Indentured laborers, mostly white (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant difference between Maryland and Virginia regarding warfare and food scarcity?

<p>Maryland never experienced protracted Indian warfare or a starving time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the English conceiving of themselves as superior to other groups?

<p>The idealized gendered division of labor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred to the labor force in the colonies during the 1660s?

<p>African labor began to dominate the workforce (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did legislation in Virginia state regarding an enslaved woman's children?

<p>They inherited the 'condition' of their mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of the Slave Codes of 1705?

<p>To formalize the legal status of enslaved Africans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

By the 1720s, a significant number of American-born Africans contributed to what cultural development?

<p>The creation of a distinct African-American culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the laws that made slavery hereditable in the colonies?

<p>A permanent division between whites and blacks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the enslaved population in Maryland change from 1658 to 1710?

<p>It grew from 100 to over 3,500 enslaved individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unified characteristic became a marker of division between races during this period?

<p>Skin color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of enslaved people lived in groups of more than 20 people by the last decades of the eighteenth century in the Chesapeake region?

<p>44% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What regions did most Africans come from during the eighteenth century in the upper Chesapeake?

<p>West African coast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an African naming pattern used by Maryland-born individuals?

<p>Mingo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of work did most enslaved people in the eighteenth century Chesapeake primarily do?

<p>Growing tobacco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were enslaved individuals often organized within larger plantations?

<p>By their work quarters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following counties was NOT mentioned as having a high concentration of enslaved individuals?

<p>Loudoun (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of work were industrial slaves primarily involved?

<p>Iron forges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the naming patterns of enslaved individuals in Maryland?

<p>They included a mix of African and English names. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

African-American cultures

Cultures created by enslaved Africans in the Americas, drawing from their African roots and new experiences.

Resistance and resilience

Strength and ability to fight back and endure hardship, developed by enslaved people in response to exploitation.

Enslaved Africans

People forcibly taken from Africa and held as slaves in the Americas.

Slaves' cultures and kinship ties

New cultures and close bonds formed by enslaved people in the Americas that combined aspects of their African heritage and new experiences in the Americas

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Indentured servitude

A system where people worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the Americas.

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Racial slavery

A system of slavery based on race.

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Development of slavery in American colonies

Evolution of slavery from a system built on indentured servitude to a system defined solely by race.

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African cultures in the Americas

Cultures created by Africans adapting existing cultures and traditions to fit the American context of oppression and new surroundings.

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Colonial Labor Systems

Initially relied on European and African indentured servants, but later transitioned to race-based chattel slavery in North America

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Chattel Slavery

A system of racial slavery where enslaved people are considered property, and their status is determined by race.

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Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland; developed a tobacco economy, leading to an increase in demand for enslaved labor.

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Low Country Colonies

South Carolina and Georgia; developed rice-based economies, differing from the Chesapeake in their reliance on slave labor systems.

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Indentured Servitude

A system where individuals agreed to work for a set period in exchange for passage to the colonies, food, shelter, and other necessities.

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Atlantic World

The interconnectedness of Europe, Africa, and the Americas through trade and other relationships.

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Racial Slavery Laws

Laws created to establish and maintain the system of chattel slavery in American colonies.

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Kinship Networks in Slavery

Despite being legally considered property, enslaved people maintained family relationships.

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First Africans in Jamestown

The first Africans arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in August 1619.

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African Identities in 1619

Many of the first Africans arrived in Jamestown remain largely unknown, including their names and origins.

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Baptism of a child, 1621

A child of African immigrants was baptized, offering a glimpse into their cultural practices.

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Geographic Origin of Africans

Most early Africans were from southern parts of Africa, like the Bight of Biafra and West Central Africa (Kongo and Angola).

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Concentration in Chesapeake Region

Cultural similarities concentrated enslaved Africans culturally from West Central Africa and Bight of Biafra in the lower Chesapeake regions.

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Family and Kinship Networks

Similar cultural backgrounds in the Chesapeake led to preserved family and kinship traditions among enslaved Africans.

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Antonio and Mary

Antonio and Mary were two notable enslaved individuals arriving in 1621 and 1622, respectively; Mary subsequently lived at Bennett’s Welcome Plantation.

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Gendered division of labor

A way of dividing work where tasks are assigned based on gender.

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Justification for enslavement

Reasons given for enslaving Africans, often connected to a perceived difference in work ethic or culture.

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Legislation in 1660s

Laws passed in Maryland and Virginia that significantly altered the legal standing of enslaved people.

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Hereditable slavery

Laws making slavery a condition passed down through generations, primarily from the mother.

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Slave Codes of 1705

Laws in Virginia formally defining and solidifying the status of enslaved Africans as property, complete removal of servant status.

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Chesapeake slavery

Farming system in which enslaved people mostly grew tobacco in rural areas of Maryland and Virginia.

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African American culture growth

Development of uniquely African American culture in Maryland, coming from American-born children of enslaved individuals

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Slave Population Growth 1658-1710

Dramatic increase in the enslaved population in Maryland between 1658 and 1710, from about 100 or 3% of the population to over 3500 or 24%.

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African-American-born slaves

Slaves born in America, who were children of enslaved people.

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West African Regions

The regions in West Africa (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana) from which most enslaved Africans in the Chesapeake region originated.

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African Naming Patterns

Children of enslaved African people often carried names from their homelands. This is especially evident in Maryland.

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Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake

The region in the eastern part of the United States where many enslaved people were forced to live and work in the 1700s.

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Plantations / Quarters

Large farms where enslaved people lived and worked in the Chesapeake region.

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Tobacco Farming

A major economic activity in the Chesapeake region, where enslaved people were forced to work.

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Enslaved People's Work

Many enslaved people worked on large plantations or quarters that were far away from their owners, and some were involved in other trades.

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44% of Chesapeake Slaves in groups above 20

44% of enslaved people lived in groups with more than twenty people in certain Tidewater counties in the late 1700s.

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Enslaved People's Lived in Quarters

Enslaved people often lived in small villages on the plantation land in the 1700s.

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Early Maryland Enslavement

By the early 1700s, enslaved Africans made up a significant portion of Maryland's workforce, but it wasn't the dominant form of labor until that period.

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Maryland's Early Population

Maryland's population was diverse from the beginning, including people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds, not just English.

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Maryland's Labor Needs

Maryland, like Virginia, had a labor shortage that prompted them to use the headright system.

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17th Century Maryland Labor Force

Indentured servants, predominantly white, dominated the workforce.

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African Migration to Maryland

Africans, including those previously enslaved in Virginia, moved to Maryland in the late 17th century, fleeing stricter laws in Virginia.

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Maryland's 1658 Enslaved Population

In 1658, only 100 enslaved Africans were present in Maryland, showing lower involvement with enslaved labor.

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Headright System

A system where those paying for an immigrant's passage received land.

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Maryland's Calvert Family

The Calvert family, founders of the colony, prioritized profit and, to a lesser extent, establishing a Catholic refuge.

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Early Maryland Diversity

The earliest Maryland colonists included different religious and social backgrounds.

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Africans' Role in Early Maryland

African immigrants were part of early Maryland, evidenced by individuals like Mathias de Sousa.

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Initial Maryland Labor

While enslaved labor was present, it wasn't the primary form of labor at the beginning of the 17th century.

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Study Notes

African American History Overview

  • This textbook is an open educational resource, freely available for reading, printing, and use.
  • It contains information covering various aspects of African American history.
  • It emphasizes the interconnectedness of African American history with broader American and global history.
  • The book explores the origins of African Americans, the transatlantic slave trade, the development of slavery and indentured servitude in the American colonies, African American culture, the Abolitionist Movement, westward expansion of slavery, the sectional crisis and the Civil War, Reconstruction, and attributions to sources.

Table of contents

  • The table of contents outlines the specific topics covered in each chapter of the textbook, providing a detailed structure.

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Explore the significant influences of African cultures on African-American communities during slavery. This quiz delves into kinship ties, major events like the arrival in Jamestown, and the overall impact of these cultural elements on resistances and experiences. Test your knowledge on this pivotal part of history!

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