Aflatoxin Types

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What is the origin of the 'M' designation in aﬂatoxins M1 and M2?

From their yellow-green ﬂuorescence under UV-light

From their isolation from milk of lactating animals (correct)

From their ability to be metabolized in the human body

From their ability to be destroyed by cooking

What is the solubility of aﬂatoxins in water?

100-200 μg/ml

1000-2000 μg/ml

1-2 mg/ml

10-20 μg/ml (correct)

What is the effect of boiling water on aﬂatoxins in herbal medicine?

No destruction of aﬂatoxins (correct)

Complete destruction of aﬂatoxins

Partial destruction of aﬂatoxins

Increased production of aﬂatoxins

What is the reason why heavily contaminated food is not permitted in the market in developed countries?

Due to the dangers of aﬂatoxins to human health (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of aﬂatoxins under UV-light?

They exhibit blue and yellow-green ﬂuorescence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical characteristic of aﬂatoxins that makes them hard to detect?

They are odorless, colorless, and tasteless (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of consuming plants with definite nutritive value?

They offer solid protection against potential illnesses (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following herbs should not be consumed individually by those with low blood sugar?

Cayenne pepper, garlic, goldenseal, and onion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential harm of consuming juniper berry for a prolonged period?

It may irritate the kidneys (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of RULE 7?

It guides in determining when and how much to take of an individual herb or herbal formula (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of consuming juniper berry during pregnancy?

It may cause an early abortion of the developing fetus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following herbs is used for yeast infection?

Garlic (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of combining hibiscus with antihypertensive drugs?

Severe hypotension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of immunochemical methods for detecting aﬂatoxins in food?

Aﬃnities of antibodies for aﬂatoxins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time gap between taking herbs and prescription or over-the-counter medication?

4-5 hours (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of combining rauwolﬁa with CNS depressants?

Synergism (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using ellagic acid in relation to aﬂatoxins?

As an antioxidant (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using sodium bisulﬁte in relation to aﬂatoxins?

To form water soluble products (A) Signup and view all the answers

What may hibiscus consumption induce in patients?

Renal calculi (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction between tea and medications?

Iron containing medications (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why should ipecac not be used as an emetic in pregnant women?

It may increase intra-abdominal pressure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration when attempting treatment for a serious health problem?

The nature of the problem at hand (A) Signup and view all the answers

When should herbal medicines be used, according to Rule 5?

When body health is in danger (D) Signup and view all the answers

What may juniper consumption cause in pregnant women?

Abortion (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is aflatoxicosis characterized by?

Vomiting, abdominal pain, pulmonary edema, convulsions, coma, and death with cerebral edema and fatty liver, kidneys, and heart (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of high-level aflatoxin exposure on the liver?

It produces an acute hepatic necrosis, resulting later in cirrhosis, or carcinoma of the liver (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum allowable aflatoxin content in peanut butter?

20 nanogram/gm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of daily intake of 2-6 mg aﬂatoxins on the liver?

It produces hepatitis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of detoxification of aflatoxin-contaminated food?

Chemical treatment via ammoniation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential factor that influences the expression of aflatoxin-related diseases in humans?

Age, sex, nutritional status, and/or concurrent exposure to other causative agents (D) Signup and view all the answers