Aerodrome Lighting and Airspace Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the ARCAL system in aerodrome lighting?

  • To provide a backup lighting system in case of failure
  • To allow aircraft control of lights through a series of clicks (correct)
  • To synchronize lighting with air traffic control schedules
  • To automate the lighting systems based on ambient light

How far can beacon lights be seen at an aerodrome?

  • 10 nm (correct)
  • 15 nm
  • 5 nm
  • 20 nm

What is the purpose of approach lights at an aerodrome?

  • To indicate the direction of the nearest taxiway
  • To assist in landing by providing visual guidance (correct)
  • To signal aircraft to maintain altitude
  • To illuminate the runway at night for better visibility

What is the safe obstruction distance typically maintained for a Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASIS)?

<p>Within 6 degrees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about runway lights is incorrect?

<p>Taxiway lights can be spaced more than 200 feet apart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aerodrome?

<p>Any area used for aircraft arrival, departure, movement, or servicing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an airport from a registered aerodrome?

<p>Airports are required to be certified with Transport Canada standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a requirement to enter Class A airspace?

<p>ATC clearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the movement area of an aerodrome?

<p>Parts of the aerodrome used for aircraft surface movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a Mode C transponder in Class A airspace?

<p>Provides altitude information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is runway numbering primarily determined?

<p>By the bearing rounded to the nearest ten degrees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Class F airspace behave when it is inactive?

<p>It adapts to the rules of surrounding airspace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of standardizing procedures across aerodromes?

<p>To ensure consistent procedures and promote safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of airspace requires prior permission for entry?

<p>Restricted airspace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a registered aerodrome is suitable for operations?

<p>The aerodrome meets certain condition standards. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the maneuvering area of an aerodrome serve?

<p>It is designated for aircraft take-offs, landings, and movements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Canadian airspace is correct?

<p>It is divided into seven flight information regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can you find the identification displayed for runways?

<p>On the approach end of the runway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary basis for flight altitude and flight levels in Southern Domestic Airspace?

<p>Magnetic tracks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard pressure setting for altimeters in Northern Domestic Airspace prior to the Top of Climb (TOC)?

<p>29.92” Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the airspace included in Canadian Domestic Airspace?

<p>All airspace over Canadian land mass and high seas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended altimeter setting before departure in Southern Domestic Airspace?

<p>Current altimeter setting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are surface winds indicated in Northern Domestic Airspace?

<p>In true direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main configuration of runways and airways in Southern Domestic Airspace?

<p>Based on magnetic tracks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what altitude does the Northern Domestic Airspace altimeter setting of 29.92” Hg apply?

<p>Up to 18,000’ and above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots adjust their altimeters to during cruise in Southern Domestic Airspace?

<p>The nearest reported altimeter setting along the route (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended distance from the runway for a yellow hold short line?

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When should a pilot not descend via VASIS while approaching?

<p>Until aligned with the centerline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required at uncontrolled airports regarding radio communication?

<p>Aircraft must be radio equipped and report position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Remote Communications Outlets (RCO)?

<p>To advise pilots of information remotely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard circuit for a controlled airport?

<p>Left-hand circuit where all turns are to the left (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which signal indicates a recall signal from air to ground?

<p>Flashing green light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What designates the minimum altitude for joining the circuit in uncontrolled airports with MF?

<p>3,000' AGL within 5 NM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots do at an uncontrolled airfield without marked frequencies?

<p>Use 122.8 MHz as a default (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In land and hold short operations (LAHSO), what must pilots do?

<p>Stop before the intersection after accepting clearance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common procedure when joining from the downwind leg at controlled airports?

<p>Must be cleared to land and can join as directed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of circuit is normally operated at uncontrolled airports?

<p>Standard left-hand or optional right-hand circuits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a displaced threshold on a runway?

<p>It is used for obstacle clearance during approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of non-certified perimeter markers for an unpaved runway?

<p>Completely orange without any pattern. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can green 'follow me' lights be typically found?

<p>In the center of taxiways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes an EMAS?

<p>It is a safety feature designed to arrest an aircraft during overruns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the runway in use typically determined?

<p>By evaluating the direction of wind using indicators. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a relocated threshold on a runway?

<p>A prominent red X marking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What wind speed corresponds to a horizontal position of the wind indicator?

<p>15 knots (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is typically marked with a white X to indicate non-usage?

<p>Pre-threshold area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key responsibility of a pilot before each flight?

<p>To familiarize themselves with all aspects of the flight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a dirty aircraft affect its performance?

<p>It can lead to premature engine wear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should an aircraft and hose nozzle be grounded during fueling?

<p>To prevent static electricity build-up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for filling fuel tanks after flying?

<p>To manage center of gravity more effectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could a leak in exhaust heaters potentially lead to?

<p>Carbon monoxide poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action is NOT recommended during ground handling of an aircraft?

<p>Pushing/pulling on the propeller blades (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions helps maintain aeroplane cleanliness?

<p>Using approved cleaning agents and removing bugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for carburetor air filters to be free from contamination?

<p>To ensure optimal fuel mixtures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there is any suspicion of water contamination in the fuel system?

<p>Inspect the fuel system thoroughly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important not to overfill the oil in an aircraft?

<p>It can cause oil leaks due to increased pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when refueling with a drum to ensure safety?

<p>Allow the drum to stand for a while for contaminants to settle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an indication of possible fuel icing in an aircraft?

<p>Reduced engine power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration during taxiing of an aircraft?

<p>Ground surface condition and distance between aircraft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if unnecessary engine power is used during a take-off?

<p>Reduced fuel efficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding fuel caps during pre-flight inspection?

<p>Ensure they are tightly sealed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity for oil in a C172S aircraft?

<p>8 quarts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily necessary for reverted rubber hydroplaning to occur?

<p>A thin film of water on the runway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does skidding have on the rubber in contact with the runway during reverted rubber hydroplaning?

<p>It reverts the rubber to its original uncured state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During wake turbulence, what factor has the most significant influence on the intensity of the wake vortices generated?

<p>Weight of the aircraft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary guideline for avoiding wake turbulence during taxiing behind a helicopter?

<p>Stay well behind and avoid going below the helicopter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is wake turbulence the most severe?

<p>With heavy, slow, and clean configured aircraft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What corrective action should be taken during decreased performance due to wind shear?

<p>Momentarily add more power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What result can occur if an aircraft has excess speed during the landing phase?

<p>Floating down the runway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most severe with respect to wind shear?

<p>Take-off and landing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of encountering wind shear during flight?

<p>Fluctuating airspeed and heading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the effect of gusting conditions lead to during an approach?

<p>Reduction in speed during normal flight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should pilots typically respond to a crosswind during approach?

<p>Initiate a go-around (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of increased tailwind during wind shear conditions?

<p>Undershoot tendency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical action should be taken if volcanic ash is encountered?

<p>Report it to air traffic control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to avoid engine failure due to ash during night flights?

<p>Reduce power and make a 180-degree turn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor increases as landing and take-off distances are affected in winter operations?

<p>Contaminated taxiway and runway surfaces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does frost, ice, or snow on critical surfaces affect aircraft performance during take-off?

<p>It may increase stall speed by at least 5-10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the de-icing process for aircraft?

<p>To prevent contamination and maintain control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In collision avoidance, what is an effective scanning technique?

<p>Completing maneuver turns for better clearance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of de-icing fluid is classified as having low viscosity for de-icing purposes?

<p>Type 1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from parked aircraft being loaded with snow?

<p>Snow can block components and lead to control issues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should pilots do to ensure the cabin heater is safe during winter operations?

<p>Confirm it is free of cracks to prevent CO poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum separation time required between a heavy aircraft and a light aircraft in a non-radar environment?

<p>2 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to induced drag when an aircraft approaches the ground at low airspeed and a high angle of attack?

<p>Induced drag increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ground effect reduces induced drag due to which of the following reasons?

<p>High pressure flow from below the wing is stopped by the ground (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if an aircraft takes off prematurely due to ground effect?

<p>Risk of stalling during climb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is recommended for short or soft field take-off procedures?

<p>Accelerate after take-off (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario poses the greatest risk of running out of runway during landing?

<p>Fast approach causing aircraft to float down the runway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During landing, how is ground effect typically utilized?

<p>To assist in slowing the aircraft down (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential problem if induced drag increases during take-off?

<p>A higher chance of stalling the aircraft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aerodrome Lighting

Lighting system for night operations at airports, including runways, taxiways, and aprons.

Runway Lights

Two parallel lines of lights visible from 2 miles, spaced less than 200 feet apart.

Beacon Light

Rotating white light visible from 10 nautical miles for aerodrome identification.

ARCAL

Aircraft Control of Aerodrome Lighting, different lighting patterns for aircraft control at airports.

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VASIS

Visible Approach Slope Indicator System, helps pilots with approach visibility.

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Aerodrome

An area of land or water used for aircraft arrival, departure, movement, or servicing.

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Registered Aerodrome

An aerodrome not certified but listed in the Canadian Flight Supplement (CFS) for aeronautical info.

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Airport

A certified aerodrome, meaning it meets Transport Canada standards.

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Apron

Area for loading/unloading, fueling, servicing, parking, etc.

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Maneuvering Area

Part of an aerodrome for landing, taking off and moving the aircraft.

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Runway Numbering

Identifies runways by direction rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.

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Runway 02

A runway direction of 018 to 020 degrees.

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Runway 09

A runway direction of 090 or 270 degrees.

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Displaced Threshold

A section of a runway that is unusable for landing but can be used for taxiing, landing roll-outs, and take-offs.

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Relocated Threshold

A section of a runway that is closed for taxiing, taking off, or landing. Marked by a white "X"

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Pre-Threshold Area

The area before the runway threshold, often including overrun and undershoot zones. Potential stopways or blast pads for rejected take-offs.

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Unpaved Perimeter Markers

Markers used to mark the outer limits of unpaved runways, usually pyramid or cone-shaped and alternating orange and white.

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Wind Sock/Cone

Indicates wind direction and strength. Flutter for gusts.

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Wind Indicator Angle

Angle of wind sock/cone corresponds to wind speed.

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Taxiways

Designated pathways for aircraft movement to and from runways. Centered with a yellow line, and held short with a broader yellow line.

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EMAS

Engineered Material Arrestor System (designed to stop aircraft that have overshot the runway)

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Canadian Domestic Airspace (CDA)

All airspace over Canadian land, Arctic, Archipelago, and specific high seas areas.

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Northern Domestic Airspace (NDA)

Airspace near the North Pole where magnetic dip is strong, causing compass errors, and navigation challenges.

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Southern Domestic Airspace (SDA)

Airspace where flight levels and navigation use magnetic tracks; runways and surface winds are reported using magnetic values.

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Altimeter Setting Region

Southern Domestic Airspace adjusts to current altimeter settings for accurate pressure readings. Specific procedures exist for departure, cruise, and approach phases.

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Standard Pressure Region

Northern Domestic Airspace sets altimeter to a standard pressure (29.92" Hg) for consistent readings and navigation.

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Magnetic Tracks

Navigation references in Southern Domestic Airspace based on magnetic values.

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True Tracks

Navigation methodology used in Northern Domestic Airspace based on true values.

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Altimeter Adjustment Procedures

Procedures for setting altimeters based on current conditions or standard pressure, depending on the region, for safe flight.

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Uncontrolled Airport Traffic Circuit

Procedures for aircraft operating at airports without a control tower.

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Radio-equipped Aircraft (MF)

Aircraft required to communicate position and intentions at uncontrolled airports with Mandatory Frequency (MF).

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Remote Communications Outlet (RCO)

Provides advisory services at uncontrolled airports.

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Traffic Procedures - Controlled Airport

Procedures for aircraft operating at airports with a control tower, using a left-hand circuit (turns to left).

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NORDO Aircraft

Aircraft operating at uncontrolled aerodromes without radio.

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Downwind Leg

Part of the traffic circuit, where aircraft fly down the runway's downwind side.

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LAHSO

Land and Hold Short Operations, procedures for operations with intersecting runways.

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Aerodrome Traffic Frequency

Radio frequencies used for communication at uncontrolled airports for broadcast, usually around 123.2 MHz.

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Class A Airspace

Airspace above 18,000 feet MSL (mean sea level) up to 60,000 feet, requiring IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) aircraft with a transponder and controlled by ATC (Air Traffic Control).

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Class F Airspace

Airspace with defined boundaries and specific activities, categorized as Advisory (A), Restricted (R), Military (M), or Danger (D).

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What is the purpose of Flight Information Regions (FIRs)?

FIRs divide Canadian airspace into 7 regions, providing flight information services and ensuring safe and efficient air traffic management.

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Advisory Class F Airspace

Class F airspace where aircraft entering are advised to be aware of surrounding activity but no restrictions apply, with a CYA code.

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Restricted Class F Airspace

Class F airspace with restrictions that require prior permission to enter and may have a CYR code and associated activity.

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Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning

A type of hydroplaning that occurs during heavy braking, causing a locked-wheel skid. The heat generated during skidding causes the rubber to revert to its uncured state, creating a seal that traps water underneath the tire, preventing it from making contact with the runway.

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Wake Turbulence

The swirling air currents created behind an aircraft, especially heavy, slow, and clean-configured aircraft, that can significantly affect the flight path of other aircraft.

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Wake Turbulence Intensity

The intensity of wake turbulence is directly proportional to the weight of the aircraft and inversely proportional to its wingspan and speed.

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Wake Turbulence Avoidance - During Flight

To avoid wake turbulence during flight, aircraft must maintain a safe distance of at least 1,000 feet below and behind a larger, heavier aircraft.

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Wake Turbulence Avoidance - Taxi

When taxiing, stay well behind and avoid going below a helicopter.

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Pre-flight Preparation

The process of reviewing all aspects of a flight before takeoff, including weather, NOTAMS, routing, airspace, performance, aircraft status, flight gear, and charts.

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Aircraft Cleanliness

Maintaining a clean aircraft, including the propeller, windshield, and carburetor air filters, is essential for safety and performance.

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Ground Handling

Proper techniques for moving and positioning an aircraft on the ground, depending on the type of landing gear.

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Fuelling

The process of refuelling an aircraft, ensuring grounding of both the aircraft and hose nozzle to prevent static electricity buildup.

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Carburetor Air Filters

Important components that protect the engine from dust, insects, and other contaminants.

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Static Electricity

Electrical charges that build up on an aircraft during flight, especially in cold conditions.

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Clean Windshield

Crucial for clear visibility during flight, as even small scratches can significantly impair the pilot's view.

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Bugs on the Windshield

Can pose a hazard by obscuring the pilot's vision, especially at a distance.

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Ground Effect

A phenomenon where an aircraft experiences increased lift and reduced drag when flying close to the ground.

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Wind Shear

A sudden change in wind speed or direction, often posing a significant hazard during takeoff and landing.

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Wind Shear - Decreased Performance

When wind shear creates a tailwind or reduces headwind, it decreases lift and airspeed, potentially leading to an undershoot or stall.

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Wind Shear - Increased Performance

When wind shear creates a headwind or reduces tailwind, it increases lift and airspeed, potentially leading to an overshoot.

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Wind Shear - Crosswind

A wind shear that blows perpendicular to the runway direction, requiring quick corrective actions.

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Gusting Conditions

Momentary increases in wind speed, requiring adjustments to airspeed and control inputs.

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Terrain Illusions

Perceptual distortions caused by terrain, rain, or lighting conditions that can affect a pilot's perception of altitude, distance, and position.

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Volcanic Ash

A hazardous condition that can damage aircraft engines and pose a serious risk to flight operations.

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Water contamination in fuel

Water in fuel can be a problem, especially in cold weather, as it can freeze and block fuel lines and filters. It can also reduce engine power and cause rough running.

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Fueling with a drum

When fueling from a drum, use a filter/water separator, a portable pump, and fuel from the top of the drum. Let the drum settle to allow contaminants to sink to the bottom.

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Oil capacity

Different aircraft have different oil capacities. Check the POH for the specific capacity of your aircraft.

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Pre-flight inspection

A thorough inspection of the aircraft before each flight, including the fuselage, wings, tail, engine, and instruments.

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Taxiing considerations

While taxiing, consider factors like wind, ground surface condition, speed, distance between aircraft, and brake pressure. Be alert and listen to the engine.

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Take-off considerations

When taking off, taxi to the end of the runway, take off into the wind, perform a final check of instruments, and verify the runway approach and departure ends.

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Workload management

During flight, manage workload by performing systematic checks and keeping track of time, fuel, distance, tracks, and wind.

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Jet blast

Powerful exhaust from jet engines can create a dangerous wind that can blow objects around and potentially cause damage. Be aware of jet blast and stay clear of it.

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Ground Effect: Take-off

Ground effect can lead to an aircraft lifting off prematurely because of the reduced drag. This can be dangerous if the aircraft is not at takeoff speed, as it may stall after lifting off and lose altitude.

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Ground Effect: Landing

Ground effect can cause an aircraft to 'float' down the runway during landing, making it difficult to control. This can lead to a runway overrun or a bounce/porpoise effect.

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Ground Effect: Benefits & Drawbacks

Ground effect provides a benefit during take-off and landings by reducing drag and aiding in control. However, it can also be a danger during take-off if the aircraft lifts off prematurely or during landings if the aircraft doesn't descend properly.

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Ground Effect: 'Soft Field' Take-Off

A takeoff technique where the aircraft lifts off first and then accelerates in ground effect before climbing. This is helpful for short or soft runways.

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Ground Effect: 'Bounce'/'Porpoise'

A landing phenomenon where the aircraft bounces off the runway multiple times due to ground effect and high speed, making it difficult to maintain a stable touchdown.

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Ground Effect: Avoiding Dangers

To avoid dangers during take-off, ensure adequate takeoff speed and a smooth transition out of ground effect. During landing, maintain a stable approach and adjust speed as needed.

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Volcanic Ash & Engines

Volcanic ash can damage aircraft engines by melting inside and causing engine failure.

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Volcanic Ash - Actions

If you encounter volcanic ash, reduce power, make a 180-degree turn to escape, and report the incident.

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Low Flying & Weather

Never intentionally fly low in poor weather conditions. It can lead to misjudging speed and potentially dangerous situations.

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Winter Ops - Aircraft Contamination

Snow and ice can significantly impact aircraft operations, causing control surface issues, altering weight balance, and potentially damaging the airframe

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Winter Ops - De-icing

Aircraft must be de-iced and anti-iced before takeoff to remove and prevent contamination.

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De-icing Fluid Types

Different fluids have different properties, with types 1 and 2 for de-icing and types 3 and 4 for anti-icing, chosen based on weather conditions and aircraft speed.

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Collision Avoidance - Scanning

Regularly scan for other traffic, plan your route, clean windshields, and ensure passengers are aware of their surroundings.

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Collision Avoidance - Course

If there is no apparent change in an identified aircraft's track, you are on a collision course and must take immediate action.

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Study Notes

Aerodromes & Airspace

  • Aerodrome is any area of land, water, or other supporting surface designed for aircraft arrival, departure, movement, or servicing.
  • Includes buildings, installations, and equipment situated on or associated with the area.
  • An airport is a certified aerodrome. Certification is maintained by Transport Canada Standards.

Types of Aerodromes

  • Registered aerodrome: Not certified but registered for publishing aeronautical information in the Canadian Flight Supplement (CFS).
  • Access may be private or public.
  • Must ensure aerodrome condition is sufficient for operations.

Surface Movement

  • Apron: Area used for loading, unloading, fueling, servicing, maintenance, and parking of aircraft and cargo.
  • Movement area: Parts of the aerodrome used for surface movement, including maneuvering areas and aprons.
  • Maneuvering area: Areas used for take-off, landing, and movement of aircraft.

Runway Numbering

  • Corresponds to bearing, rounded to the nearest 10°.
  • Last zero is omitted.
  • Runway numbers on the approach ends are 180° apart.
  • Magnetic bearing is used in Southern Domestic Airspace, and true bearing is used in Northern Domestic Airspace.
  • Left, Centre, Right (L, C, R)

Runway Markings - Paved

  • Threshold: Beginning of the usable runway.
  • Displaced threshold: Unusable portion of the runway is displaced, not suitable for landing.
  • Obstacle clearance during approach.
  • Paved area behind the threshold can be used for taxiing, landing rollout, and initial takeoff.
  • Temporary and permanent displaced thresholds.
  • Markings indicate runway width, aiming point, center lines, and touchdown zones.

Runway Markings - Unpaved

  • Perimeter established with frangible, weatherproof markers (pyramid or cone-shaped).
  • More markers are required at the four corners.
  • Certified markings are painted in alternate stripes of international orange and white.
  • Non-certified markings are often all orange.
  • Evergreen trees may be used, especially for snow-covered landing strips.
  • The markings define usable areas for aircraft movements.

Wind Indicator

  • Runway in use is determined by wind direction, using a windsock or wind cone.
  • Flutter indicates gusts.
  • Larger runways have a wind indicator at each end, smaller runways have one centrally located.
  • Wind speed and angle are usually displayed numerically for pilots.

Aerodrome Lighting

  • Operation at night needs parallel lines of lights.
  • Lights are not more than 200 feet apart.
  • Retroreflectors at aerodromes (2nm); fixed white lights/strobes at either runway end.
  • Double lights at intersections.
  • ARCAL – control of Aerodrome Lighting - K (7 clicks 5 sec, 7,5,3) J (5 clicks 5 sec) 15 min duration.

Beacon Lights

  • Rotating white light (2-3 seconds) visible from 10 nautical miles radius.
  • Approach lights: Varying types depending on the runway size and instrument approach.

Visual Approach Slope Indicator System (VASIS)

  • Visible from approximately 4 nautical miles.
  • Usually for a 3-degree slope; obstructions within 6 degrees of the centerline.
  • Eye-to-wheel-height (EWH).
  • VASI - V0-10, VI10-25, V2 25-45
  • PAPIs - AP0-10, PI0-10, P2 10-25, P3 25-45.

Mandatory Frequency (MF)

  • Uncontrolled airports without a control tower (potentially controlled airspace).
  • Often using a UNICOM frequency (122.8 MHz) or Community Aerodrome Radio (CARS) frequency.
  • Remote Communication Outlet (RCO) – providing remote advisory service.
  • Aircraft are required to be radio equipped and report position and intentions.

Aerodrome Traffic Frequency (ATF)

  • Airports that do not meet mandatory frequency requirements (often uncontrolled airspace).
  • Using UNICOM (122.8 MHz) or 123.2 MHz.
  • Pilots are responsible for visually ascertaining runway conditions.

Traffic Circuit

  • A pattern for aircraft movements and approach/departure into an airport, including turns and legs.

Traffic Procedures - Uncontrolled Airport

  • No tower.
  • 123.2 MHz for broadcast, often using UNICOM (122.8 MHz) or Community Aerodrome Radio (CARS) frequency.
  • Same radio calls are used, however, pilots are responsible for monitoring other aircraft visually.
  • Specific information accessed from CFS (MF &ATF).
  • Left (standard) or right-hand circuits; specific aircraft information available in the CFS.

Traffic Procedures - Controlled Airport

  • Tower in operation.
  • Standard left-hand circuit (may have a right-hand circuit).
  • Pilots must establish radio communications with the tower.
  • Required 1,000' above ground level.
  • Specific information accessible from CFS.

Taxiways

  • Aircraft movement to and from the runway.
  • Yellow center line. Yellow hold short lines (200 feet) to prevent collisions with aircraft.
  • Identified by letters (A, B, C, etc.).
  • Green "follow-me" lights.

Airside Guidance Signs and Markings

  • Guidance to pilots; signs/markings for closed runways, runway holding positions, non-movement area boundaries, ILS, and taxiway holding positions.
  • Includes details of various sign/marking types.

Altimeter Setting Region

  • Southern Domestic Airspace: Altimeter regularly adjusted to current setting.
  • Pre-departure and cruise setting to the nearest reporting station, or 150 nm apart.
  • Approach adjusting altimeter to airport setting.
  • Airspace up to 17,999 feet.

Standard Pressure Region

  • Northern Domestic Airspace.
  • Setting altimeter to a standard pressure (29.92'' Hg).
  • TOC/Cruise maintain setting of 29.92''Hg.
  • Approach using airport altimeter setting.
  • Airspace up to 18,000 ft.

Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)

  • Security zone around the continent, denoted on charts.
  • Required flight plans; deviations limited to +/- 20 nm and +/- 5 minutes.
  • Radio contact required; ATC notifications necessary for changes.

Airspace Types

  • Controlled airspace: ATC control/separation procedures required.
  • Uncontrolled airspace: No ATC control/separation procedures.
  • Frequency specifics may be published for either classification.

High Level Airspace

  • Above FL180.
  • Includes Southern Control Area, Norther Control Area, Arctic Control Area.
  • Subdivisions: specific regions, flight levels.

Low Level Airspace

  • Below FL180.
  • Includes Control Area Extensions, Transition Areas and Terminal Control Areas.
  • Specific, defined regions, flight levels.

Airspace Classification

  • 7 classifications (A, B, C, D, E, F, G).
  • Airspace classifications are dependent on many factors (flight level, weather, traffic volume, etc.).
  • Classification types determine requirements for radio/communication, equipment, separation, and pilot duties.

Class G Airspace

  • Uncontrolled Airspace, no ATC.
  • Flight information and alternating services; IFR Flights permitted.

Class E Airspace

  • Requires controlled airspace separation from IFR traffic in certain areas, but no prior contact with ATC.
  • IFR and VFR are permitted with specific allowances to non-IFR aircraft and weather considerations.

Class D Airspace

  • Controlled airspace requiring two-way radio communication.
  • ATC separation provided between IFR and VFR aircraft.
  • Certain areas may be designated as transponder areas (radio equipment requirement).
  • Aircraft subject to specific ATC requirements (clearance) for IFR flights and can permit nonradio aircraft, if necessary.

Class C Airspace

  • Controlled airspace needing ATC separation and radio contact for IFR and VFR aircraft;
  • 2-way radio communication/listening watch required.
  • Minimum equipment requirement for entry is a Mode C transponder.
  • Pilots remain responsible for aircraft avoidance, obstructions, terrain considerations, etc.

Class B Airspace

  • Controlled airspace.
  • ATC clearances, instructions, and separation between aircraft are needed.
  • 2-way radio, flight plan, and required equipment (e.g., altimeter).

Class A Airspace

  • Controlled high-level airspace between FL180 and FL600.
  • Instrument rating and IFR-equipped aircraft are required for entry.
  • Standard pressure altimeter setting used.

Class F Airspace

  • Restricted or advisory airspace.
  • Defined dimensions with confined activities;
  • Military (M) and activities (A, R, D, etc.) are typically found in this designated airspace. An advisory (A) could indicate other types of activity.
  • Restricted entry requires permission, accessible via NOTAM (Notice to Airmen).

Flight Information Region

  • Seventeen regions in Canada, for services and alternating services.

FTGU Activity

  • Back of FTGU has a chart of airspace structure and symbols.
  • Investigation of airspace types around CYOO, CYPQ, CYYZ, and CYBN.
  • Identification of Class E Airspace.
  • Investigation of any Class F airspace and type.
  • Vertical structure review of CYYZ airport, and route planning between CYPQ and CYQA airways.

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Related Documents

General Airmanship AER100 Past Paper PDF 2024
Aerodromes & Airspace 2024 PDF

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Test your knowledge on aerodrome lighting systems and airspace classifications with this comprehensive quiz. Learn about the components, regulations, and functionalities that ensure safe operations in aviation. Ideal for students and professionals interested in aeronautical studies.

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