30 Questions
What is one advantage of providing drugs via parenteral administration?
To avoid systemic toxic effects
Which type of drug administration is suitable for drugs that are inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract?
Intravenous administration
What is a disadvantage of parental administration of drugs?
Restriction to hospitals or specialized persons
Why can some new drugs only be given via parenteral administration?
To avoid inactivation in the gastrointestinal tract
What potential harm can occur if parenteral administration is not performed correctly?
Damage to nerves, muscles, and vasculature
Which route of parenteral administration involves injecting into the vein?
Intravenous (IV)
What volume range is suitable for IV infusion of large volume fluids according to the text?
100-1000 ml
Which type of injections cannot be administered through the parenteral route?
Oily injections
What is a potential consequence of administering drugs too quickly through IV infusion?
Increased drug-induced shock risk
Where are IM injections usually given according to the text?
Thigh
Which type of dosage forms are often combined for administration as an IV admixture?
Fluids and electrolytes
What is a key feature of IM injections in terms of injection volume?
1-3 ml or up to 10 ml in divided doses
What is the purpose of preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations?
To inhibit the growth of microorganisms
Why must large volume parenteral formulations not contain preservatives?
Preservatives may be harmful to the human body in high doses
How can partitioning into a micellar or oil phase affect the effectiveness of a preservative?
It decreases the preservative concentration
What is the main function of antioxidants in pharmaceutical products?
To inhibit oxidative chain reactions
How do certain antioxidants act as synergistic?
By increasing the effectiveness of other antioxidants
What is the purpose of antioxidants forming complexes with catalysts in pharmaceutical products?
To slow down reactions
What type of rubber stock is used with rubber stoppered products that are sensitive to oxygen?
Butyl rubber
Why are stabilizers used in formulations?
To stabilize the formulation
Which agents are commonly used to adjust isotonicity of IV solutions?
Dextrose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride
What do solubilizing agents do in pharmaceutical formulations?
Increase the solubility of drugs
Which information is required to be included in the labeling of a pharmaceutical product?
Manufacturer/Distributor details and expiration date
Why are glass-seal ampules preferred for gas-sensitive products?
They provide the most impervious barrier for gas transmission
What is the purpose of sterile water for injection containing pyrogen?
To prevent growth of potentially contaminating bacteria
Why can't one-liter bottles of sterile water for injection be administered intravenously (IV)?
They have no tonicity
What is the function of benzyl alcohol in sterile water for injection?
To suppress the growth of contaminating bacteria
How is bacteriostatic water for injection different from sterile water for injection?
It contains a bacteriostatic agent
Why should boiling water used for bacteriostatic water be stored to prevent reabsorption of oxygen?
To maintain its bacteriostatic properties
What type of containers is sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol usually packaged in?
Prefilled syringes
Explore the benefits and drawbacks of parenteral nutrition, particularly in aspirated, comatose, or uncooperative individuals. Learn about the local effects of drugs, nutritional support, and the challenges associated with administering certain medications through parenteral routes.
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