Parenteral nutrition

Managing Changes in GI Flora

• Probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics are recommended methods for managing changes in GI flora

Complications of Parenteral Nutrition

• Infections, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalances are potential complications of parenteral nutrition
• The most common complication of parenteral nutrition is catheter-related infection

Purpose of Gastric Acid

• Gastric acid helps to break down food in the stomach and prevent bacterial overgrowth

Weaning Off Parenteral Nutrition

• Gradually decreasing the rate of parenteral nutrition while increasing enteral feeding is the recommended approach for weaning off parenteral nutrition

Catheter Issues

• Flushing the catheter with heparinized saline and replacing the catheter are recommended methods for managing catheter issues in parenteral nutrition

Pre-treating with Glutamine

• Pre-treating with glutamine before stopping parenteral feeding helps to reduce bacterial overgrowth and maintain gut health

Starting Enteral Food

• Starting enteral food at a low rate and gradually increasing the rate is the recommended approach for starting enteral food during parenteral nutrition

Administration of Parenteral Nutrition

• Parenteral nutrition is administered through a central line, typically a jugular or subclavian vein

Indications for Parenteral Nutrition

• Parenteral nutrition is used when the gut is not functioning or when a patient is unable to tolerate enteral feeding, such as in cases of sepsis, malabsorption, or severe gastrointestinal disease

Importance of Timely Parenteral Nutrition

• Delaying the start of parenteral nutrition can lead to malnutrition, compromised immune function, and increased morbidity and mortality

Species and Parenteral Nutrition

• Parenteral nutrition is used more frequently in equine species

Contraindications for Enteral Feeding

• In equine neonates, enteral feeding is contraindicated in septic patients due to the risk of bowel perforation and peritonitis

Complications of Enteral Feeding

• Post-operative colics and diarrhea are common complications seen in equine post-operative colics that make enteral feeding challenging

Importance of Early Parenteral Nutrition in Equine Neonates

• Early initiation of parenteral nutrition is important in equine neonates with sepsis to prevent malnutrition and support immune function

Ideal Location for Cannula Placement

• The ideal location for placing a cannula for parenteral nutrition administration is the jugular or subclavian vein

Nursing Care for Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition

• 24-hour nursing care is necessary for patients receiving parenteral nutrition to monitor for complications and ensure timely intervention

Components of TPN

• TPN (total parenteral nutrition) consists of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and electrolytes

Catheter Selection

• A dedicated catheter should be used for parenteral nutrition, and it should not be used for anything else

Importance of Central Line Administration

• Parenteral nutrition solutions should be administered through a central line rather than a peripheral vein to reduce the risk of complications such as phlebitis and infection

Catheter Maintenance

• Dressing and examining long-stay catheters used for parenteral nutrition should be done at a recommended frequency to reduce the risk of infection

Best Way to Deliver Parenteral Nutrition

• The best way to deliver parenteral nutrition is through a continuous infusion, with the rate adjusted according to the patient's needs

Monitoring Parameters

• Patients receiving parenteral nutrition should be regularly monitored for blood glucose, electrolyte levels, and liver function

Purpose of Parenteral Nutrition Formulations

• The main purpose of parenteral nutrition formulations is to provide essential nutrients and energy to support the patient's recovery

Recommended Duration of IV Parenteral Nutrition

• The recommended duration of IV parenteral nutrition is typically 2-3 weeks, depending on the patient's condition and response to treatment

Complications of Parenteral Nutrition

• Complications of parenteral nutrition include metabolic bone disease, electrolyte imbalances, and hyperglycemia

Importance of Calculating Energy and Protein Requirements

• Calculating the energy and protein requirements for patients receiving parenteral nutrition is important to ensure adequate nutrition and prevent complications

Technical Requirements for Administering Parenteral Nutrition

• The technical requirements for administering parenteral nutrition include a dedicated infusion pump, a central line, and aseptic technique

Contraindications for Enteral Feeding

• Enteral feeding is contraindicated in septic equine neonates due to the risk of bowel perforation and peritonitis

Difference between PPN and TPN

• PPN (peripheral parenteral nutrition) is a lower-calorie, lower-protein formulation, whereas TPN (total parenteral nutrition) is a higher-calorie, higher-protein formulation

Risks of Withholding Food

• Withholding food can lead to malnutrition, compromised immune function, and increased morbidity and mortality

Risks of Peripheral Vein Administration

• Administering parenteral nutrition through a peripheral vein increases the risk of phlebitis, infection, and thrombosis

Complications of Hyperglycemia

• Hyperglycemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition can lead to complications such as osmotic diuresis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances