Advanced Design Planning Course Introduction
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of designers according to the design process?

  • To only understand the real world
  • To only make tangible products
  • To both understand the real world and make tangible products (correct)
  • To only live in the abstract world
  • What is the concept mentioned in the quote from the book 'A river runs through it'?

  • Seeing something noticeable (correct)
  • Seeing the obvious
  • Seeing the abstract
  • Seeing the invisible
  • What are the two axes involved in the design process?

  • Research and development, concrete and abstract
  • Understanding and making, real world and abstract world (correct)
  • Thinking and doing, concrete and abstract
  • Design and implementation, real and abstract
  • What is the purpose of abstractions in the design process?

    <p>To help us see new themes and patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of studying the real world in the design process?

    <p>To understand people's needs and the market</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prototyping and sharing work in the design process?

    <p>To communicate and implement designs in the real world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the design process?

    <p>To invent and design new products and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'four square model' mentioned in the text?

    <p>A human-centered design process with five steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of dealing with both the real world and the abstract world in design?

    <p>To understand people's needs and think abstractly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'refinement' mentioned in the text?

    <p>The refinement of designers to deal with both the real world and the abstract world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of abstraction ladder compared to?

    <p>A staircase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when we ascend to a higher level in problem-solving?

    <p>We see the problem from a different perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it helpful to descend to a lower level in problem-solving?

    <p>Because we feel stuck and can't make progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of framing a problem at a higher level of abstraction?

    <p>We get more options for solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between punk rock and baseball in problem-solving?

    <p>One is about rules and the other is about freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the concept of altitude and approach in problem-solving?

    <p>They are two separate concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the abstraction ladder?

    <p>To frame a problem at different levels of abstraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of framing a problem at a lower level of abstraction?

    <p>We get a very specific solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when we solve a problem at a higher level of abstraction?

    <p>We solve a broader category of problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to consider the level of abstraction when solving a problem?

    <p>Because it helps us to frame the problem in the right way</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of moving from many ideas to a few key insights?

    <p>Converging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the converge phase in the double diamond approach?

    <p>To prioritize and focus on a few key insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of diverging again after converging?

    <p>To generate many ideas and solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of the design process aligning with the scientific method?

    <p>It provides a more structured approach to problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of moving from many ideas to a few promising solutions?

    <p>Converging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the double diamond approach in design planning?

    <p>To provide a rigorous approach to problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of induction in the design process?

    <p>To collect evidence and develop a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of designing objects and services that can be prototyped?

    <p>It enables more rigorous hypothesis testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the design process and logically correct reasoning?

    <p>The design process is aligned with logically correct reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the design process in the context of problem solving?

    <p>To find a solution to the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the evolution of something powerful and historic?

    <p>It slowly makes changes to keep it fresh and interesting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approach of the folks who invented punk rock in the US?

    <p>They ripped up and threw away existing chord progressions and music structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of breaking away from existing knowledge and starting anew?

    <p>It allows for the creation of something wholly new.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge of starting something new without building upon existing knowledge?

    <p>There is a lack of foundation to build upon, leading to potential disruption and problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of transformational innovation?

    <p>It involves a big change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of punk rock's rejection of existing music structures?

    <p>It resulted in music that was very difficult to listen to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach of evolving something historic, like baseball?

    <p>Making slow changes to keep it fresh and interesting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of evolving something historic, like baseball?

    <p>It keeps it relevant and allows it to remain part of our culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the downside of breaking away from existing knowledge and starting anew?

    <p>It loses the benefits of existing knowledge and experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of punk rock's creation?

    <p>It represented a break from existing music genres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What course is being introduced?

    <p>Advanced Design Planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does Jeremy Alexis teach?

    <p>Illinois Institute of Technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long has Jeremy Alexis been teaching design?

    <p>20 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept has been linked to design planning?

    <p>Design thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does design thinking offer according to Jeremy Alexis?

    <p>It's easy to execute the steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of advanced design planning?

    <p>It includes more profound insights and systematic products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of advanced design planning?

    <p>To find more profound insights and transformational innovation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Jeremy Alexis imply about standard design thinking?

    <p>It may provide quick wins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of moving into the abstract world in the design process?

    <p>To discover deeper, latent needs for innovative value creation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When framing the design process, what is the next step after framing?

    <p>Research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves peeling away the layers to discover root causes?

    <p>Understanding abstract phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it beneficial to develop strategies at the abstract level before individual concepts?

    <p>To ensure more direction and organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final phase of the design process?

    <p>Communication and prototyping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the double diamond approach illustrate in the design process?

    <p>There are two cycles of diverging and converging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the research phase in the design process according to the double diamond model?

    <p>Diverging ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after gathering all the information in the research phase?

    <p>Models, theories, and hypotheses are built</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the four quadrant matrix design process?

    <p>It is linear and does not loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of asking bigger questions in the understanding abstract phase?

    <p>To discover root causes and underlying needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines 'ideas with momentum'?

    <p>Ideas that align with the organization's current capabilities and direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of innovation involves disrupting the current organization due to constraints?

    <p>Transformational innovation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the primary consideration when choosing between significant and transformational innovation?

    <p>The needs and contexts of the organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to be value free when choosing between significant and transformational innovations?

    <p>To maintain neutrality and avoid bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended when starting a new project to frame the problem?

    <p>Create multiple problem statements from different perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor should be considered to avoid delivering unwanted or too expensive solutions?

    <p>The match between innovation type and organizational needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should you treat the innovation needs of an organization?

    <p>With flexibility depending on various contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is suggested for framing a problem?

    <p>Considering the problem from various lenses and scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is beneficial when starting to think about a project's problem statement?

    <p>Creating multiple problem statements at different levels and lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after creating multiple problem statements for a project?

    <p>Prioritizing and picking one problem statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who designed the Milwaukee Art Museum?

    <p>Santiago Calatrava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Santiago Calatrava use to sign his book for the speaker's friend?

    <p>A watercolor set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level does the Milwaukee Art Museum look very different according to the speaker?

    <p>The 39th floor of a high rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the 'power of framing' in design according to the speaker?

    <p>The power to set the focus and boundaries of a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which documentary might be helpful to understand the concept of viewing problems from different levels?

    <p>The Powers of Ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Milwaukee Art Museum commission significant for Santiago Calatrava?

    <p>It was his first commission in the United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy is used to describe viewing a problem at different altitudes in design work?

    <p>Flying a jet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the appearance of the Milwaukee Art Museum change as one moves from a high level to a ground level?

    <p>Different details and materials become visible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of intentionality do great designers often exhibit according to the speaker?

    <p>High level of intention in every little detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a designer do if they are not seeing enough solution options for a problem?

    <p>Ascend to a higher level to reframe the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of users are typically studied in design research to understand their needs and develop solutions?

    <p>Lead users or extreme users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of bringing solutions from extreme users to a larger population?

    <p>Democratizing design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who invented the roller board back?

    <p>A pilot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for designing solutions to address the needs of people who are not using a system?

    <p>Universal design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of Oxo Good Grips kitchen tools?

    <p>To help people with limited mobility in their hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of studying extreme users and non-users of a system?

    <p>To develop solutions that can be adapted to a larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of studying lead users and non-users of a system?

    <p>Solutions that are adapted to a larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it helpful to start with extreme users or non-users of a system in design research?

    <p>Because they have needs that are not met by the market</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of solutions that are developed by studying extreme users and non-users?

    <p>They are adapted to a larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of democratizing design and universal design?

    <p>To develop solutions that are adapted to a larger population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'checking questions' in design interviews?

    <p>To clarify contradictions in the interviewee's story</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of an empathy map in design thinking?

    <p>Four categories: what they say, do, think, and feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying 'tensions' in an empathy map?

    <p>To recognize conflicts in a user's goals or values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of making inferences about a user's thoughts and feelings during an interview?

    <p>Inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using an empathy map in design planning?

    <p>It provides a structured approach to user research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contradictions between what a user says and what they do?

    <p>Paradox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Columbo technique' in design interviews?

    <p>To clarify contradictions in the user's story at the end of the interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between 'what they say' and 'what they think' in an empathy map?

    <p>One is a fact, the other is an inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using the empathy map in advanced design planning?

    <p>It provides a structured approach to user research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of documenting design interviews using the empathy map?

    <p>To identify patterns and themes in user behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key objective discussed during module two of Advanced Design Planning?

    <p>Learning about research and information gathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the instructor suggest designers should be like when learning about a problem frame?

    <p>A sponge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What valuable tools were discussed during the previous module?

    <p>Altitude and approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is morning sunlight on the breakfast table considered desirable?

    <p>It is a pleasant way to start the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the professor's favorite quote emphasize in human-centered design?

    <p>Tailoring the design to individual needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must designers develop to have a deep understanding of their design space?

    <p>Large fact base and comprehensive research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do altitude and approach help designers to do?

    <p>Frame the problem effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to understand the future of the design space?

    <p>To ensure long-term relevance and usability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of using empathy in the design process?

    <p>To understand the users and their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is context considered important in design research?

    <p>It provides insights into the user's surrounding environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research is typically done at a desk involving literature searches?

    <p>Context research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does foresight research primarily address?

    <p>Understanding future shifts in technology and demographics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used during empathy research?

    <p>Observation and obstacle courses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of customer insights within an organization?

    <p>Possessing deep knowledge in areas of research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis might be used in foresight research to ensure designs are future proofed?

    <p>Patent analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach combines interviewing users and understanding stakeholders?

    <p>Conducting user observations and interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two lenses suggested for determining the population for research?

    <p>Lead, core, and non-users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of trend definition in foresight research?

    <p>To determine technological and social changes for future designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Lipitor considered a blockbuster drug?

    <p>It applies to a large population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason McDonald's designs their menu with a certain flavor profile?

    <p>To appeal to the palates of younger consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What research strategy does McDonald's use to understand its customer better?

    <p>Studying their customers' customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is designing for backstage staff and support staff important for McDonald's?

    <p>To ensure efficient workflow in the kitchen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method used in human centered design and advanced design planning?

    <p>Empathy interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do designers sometimes focus on users at the edges during pharmaceutical development?

    <p>To innovate and translate solutions back to the larger middle population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has McDonald's improved its kitchen operations?

    <p>Innovative kitchen design for ease of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can businesses learn from McDonald's approach to customer research?

    <p>Observe both customers and their customers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of McDonald’s menu is designed to keep customers' children happy?

    <p>Creating Happy Meals and child-friendly flavors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are empathy interviews deceptively simple?

    <p>They seem straightforward but require structure and discipline to be effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important not to confront an interviewee when identifying a paradox?

    <p>Paradoxes may indicate an opportunity for design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you consider if an interviewee omits expected information during an interview?

    <p>That the omitted information may signal undiscovered patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which famous detective is referenced to explain the significance of the absence of evidence?

    <p>Sherlock Holmes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as a powerful research method that involves observing people in their natural settings?

    <p>Ethnographic observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might virtual and hybrid methods be less effective than in-person observations?

    <p>They lack detailed visual cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue should be reduced during in-person observations to ensure accuracy?

    <p>Observer effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could the presence of 15 researchers at a Target store most likely affect?

    <p>The behavior of customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be an indicator that there is an unmet need or pattern worth investigating?

    <p>A paradox identified during research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'where there's smoke, there's fire' imply in research context?

    <p>There is usually a reason behind every observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is directly observing users in their environment valuable for designers?

    <p>It provides firsthand experience and context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of an ethnographic interview?

    <p>To gather unbiased stories and insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach should an interviewer take to ensure an effective ethnographic interview?

    <p>Remain neutral and let the user lead the conversation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is building rapport at the beginning of an ethnographic interview critical?

    <p>It sets the stage for open and honest communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions should be avoided to get valuable insights during an ethnographic interview?

    <p>Ask yes/no questions about specific experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage of the interview time to be spent on building rapport?

    <p>30% to 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In narrative building, what is a more effective way to learn about a user's everyday life?

    <p>Asking them about specific incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of asking follow-up questions during an ethnographic interview?

    <p>To extract more detailed stories and insights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should an interviewer handle their own knowledge during an ethnographic interview?

    <p>Hide their knowledge to avoid influencing the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of narrative in an ethnographic interview?

    <p>To collect detailed personal stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of mindset should an interviewer adopt during an ethnographic interview?

    <p>Naïve and open-minded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main ethical consideration when setting up an observation?

    <p>Ensuring that it doesn't influence people's behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a good rule of thumb mentioned for determining the ethics of your observation?

    <p>The 'front page test'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect of observation does the text highlight through the example of a colleague observing someone asleep?

    <p>The potential tedium involved in observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'AIOU' framework stand for?

    <p>Activities, Interactions, Objects, Users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the initial steps before conducting an observation?

    <p>Getting permission to observe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is preparation important for the observation team?

    <p>To define roles and ethics, and ensure field books are ready</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does considering the right times of day or year help with during observation?

    <p>Capturing the most relevant activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What details can repetitive observation help reveal?

    <p>Critical roles and unnoticed details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should NOT be overlooked in preparation for observation?

    <p>Understanding the uses and activities to be observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'front page test'?

    <p>To gauge comfort with public knowledge of the observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Advanced Design Planning

    • The course is about Advanced Design Planning, which is a deeper and more advanced approach to design thinking.
    • The instructor, Jeremy Alexis, is a professor at the Institute of Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.

    Design Thinking and Advanced Design Planning

    • Design thinking is a popular approach to innovation, but it only provides immediate value.
    • Advanced Design Planning goes deeper to find more profound insights and work towards more transformative innovation.
    • It uses similar methods and approaches as design thinking, but with a more rigorous and systematic approach.

    The Four Square Model

    • The Four Square Model is a framework for understanding the design process.
    • It consists of five steps: framing, research, analysis, making, and communication/prototyping.
    • The model is based on two axes: understanding vs. making, and the real world vs. the abstract world.
    • Designers need to be good at both understanding and making, and need to be able to deal with both the real world and the abstract world.

    The Double Diamond Approach

    • The Double Diamond Approach is another framework for understanding the design process.
    • It consists of two cycles of diverging and converging.
    • The first cycle involves diverging (research) and converging (analysis).
    • The second cycle involves diverging (idea generation) and converging (prototyping and testing).

    Logically Correct Reasoning

    • The design process should be based on logically correct reasoning, similar to the scientific method.
    • It involves a process of induction (theory building) and deduction (hypothesis testing).
    • Designers can use prototyping and testing to run rigorous hypothesis tests.

    Framing Problems

    • Framing is the ability to set the aperture and frame of the problem you're trying to solve.
    • It involves looking at the problem at different levels of abstraction, from very high-level to very narrow.
    • The Eames Powers of Ten is a useful tool for thinking about this approach.
    • Designers can choose to ascend to a higher level of abstraction or descend to a lower level of detail to help frame the problem.

    The Abstraction Ladder

    • The Abstraction Ladder is a framework for thinking about the level of abstraction of a problem.

    • It involves moving from a very concrete, tactical level to a broader, more abstract level.

    • Examples of levels of abstraction include:

      • Tactical, concrete level: "As a user, I want to add my frequent flier number after checking."
      • Broader activity level: "Air travel"
      • Abstract level: "Mobility"### Problem Framing
    • When solving a tactical problem, frame it at a specific, concrete level.

    • When seeking innovation and breakthroughs, frame it at a more abstract, categorical level to explore a broader range of solutions.

    Altitude and Approach

    • Altitude refers to the level of abstraction or specificity when framing a problem.
    • Approach refers to how we look at and tackle a challenge, with two main concepts: punk rock and baseball.
    • Baseball represents standardized, slow-evolving innovation, with small changes to keep it relevant.
    • Punk rock represents breaking away from existing norms, creating something new, but potentially disruptive and difficult to adapt to.

    Innovation and Transformation

    • There are two general patterns within approach: significant innovation and transformational innovation.
    • Significant innovation aligns with an organization's capabilities, builds upon existing knowledge, and has momentum.
    • Transformational innovation disrupts the organization, intentionally challenging its business model, operating model, brand, and beliefs.

    Problem Statement Framing

    • When starting a project, think of multiple candidate frames to approach the problem.
    • Consider different types of approaches, altitudes, and directions to create various problem statements.
    • This helps to understand the different ways to approach a problem and prioritize the best one.

    Prioritization

    • Use the four-quadrant model to prioritize and pick a problem statement.
    • This process helps to deconstruct the thinking behind choosing a powerful problem statement.
    • With practice, you can develop the skills to intuitively select the best approach without needing to draw the model.

    Module 2: Research in Advanced Design Planning

    Recap of Previous Module

    • Reviewed the design process and the power of framing
    • Introduced the concept of altitude and approach

    Research in Advanced Design Planning

    • Goal: to understand the problem or issue being addressed
    • Aim to soak up as much information as possible to build a large fact base
    • Understand users, context, and future of the design space

    Human-Centered Design

    • Quote: "Would you like morning sunlight on your breakfast table?"
    • Shows the importance of empathy and understanding user needs

    Types of Research

    • Empathy: understanding users and their needs
    • Context: understanding the system and environment surrounding the user
    • Foresight: thinking about future trends and shifts that may impact the design

    Conducting Effective Research

    • Lead users: study extreme users who have unique needs and coping strategies
    • Non-users: study people who don't use the system or service to understand barriers to entry
    • Universal design: design solutions that cater to people with varying abilities and needs

    Research Techniques

    • Interviews: building rapport, narrative, and checking questions
    • Empathy map: a tool to document interviews, categorizing what users say, do, think, and feel

    Best Practices

    • Use two lenses to determine who to research: lead users and non-users

    • Think about the customer's customer and backstage staff

    • Design for the extremes and translate solutions to the larger population### Emotional Analysis of Interviews

    • Identify emotions in interviews, such as happiness, nervousness, and more

    • Extract emotions felt during the interview, and understand their significance

    Advanced Analysis of Interviews

    • Analyze tensions, paradoxes, and unsaid words in interviews
    • Tensions: mental or emotional strains experienced by the interviewee, often caused by conflicting goals or agendas
    • Paradoxes: contradictions between what is said and what is observed
    • Unsaid words: things that were expected to be said but were not, potentially revealing underlying issues or patterns

    Importance of Observation in Research

    • Observing people in their natural settings is a powerful research method
    • It provides firsthand experience with the context and helps identify new things
    • Helps innovators and designers gain practical experience that shapes their designs

    Conducting Observations

    • Reduce the observer effect: minimize the influence of the observer on the observed
    • Ensure ethical observation: consider the front page test (would the observation be acceptable if written up on the front page of a newspaper?)
    • Accept tedium: observation can be time-consuming and repetitive, but it's essential to see things in detail

    Framework for Observation

    • IOU framework: observe Activities, Environments, Interactions, and Objects
    • Observe what activities are happening in the space, the different environments, how people interact, and the objects in the space

    Three-Step Process for Observation

    • Go to where the activity happens and ensure permission to observe or that it's a public space
    • Prepare the team, including roles, ethics, and required accommodations
    • Understand the users and activities being observed, and choose the right times to observe

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    Introduction to a 7-module course on Advanced Design Planning, taught by Professor Jeremy Alexis from the Institute of Design at the Illinois Institute of Technology.

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