Adulthood Quiz: Identity and Intellectual Functioning
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Questions and Answers

What disorder is reclassified under Prolonged Grief Disorder in DSM-5-TR?

  • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  • Major Depressive Disorder (correct)
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
  • Acute Stress Disorder

Which factor is NOT a key to successful aging?

  • Community connections
  • Social supports
  • Personality traits
  • Financial wealth (correct)

Which characteristic is included in the definition of diversity?

  • Educational status (correct)
  • Personal achievements
  • Historical involvement
  • Political affiliations

What is the focus of the Cousins (1989) study mentioned?

<p>Self-perceptions shaped by cultural meaning systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects is NOT associated with diversity according to the outlined characteristics?

<p>Creative talent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations contributes to adaptability as a key personality factor for successful aging?

<p>Optimism and positivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of diversity pertains to multilingual capabilities?

<p>Bilingualism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the hypothesis of Cousins' 1989 study?

<p>Cultural meaning systems shape self-perceptions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in an individualistic culture?

<p>Autonomy and personal identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key finding from Adams & Plaut's study on friendship patterns?

<p>Cultural context influences friendship norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for professionals working with diverse families?

<p>Strict adherence to cultural stereotypes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the definition of culture include, according to Schweder?

<p>Shared norms, values, and behaviors within groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach focuses on existing resources and supports in families?

<p>Strengths-based approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does NOT contribute to family strengths?

<p>Deficit-oriented analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms describes the organization of a family unit?

<p>Family structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a collectivistic culture?

<p>Empathy and relational identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is not typically associated with individual characteristics that support strong family relationships?

<p>Aggression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key process in family resilience?

<p>Maintaining stability and positivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common component of positive parent-child relationships?

<p>Respectful communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes family cohesion?

<p>Traditions and routines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of family relationships can positively influence a child's success in school?

<p>Quality relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a behavioral strength in families?

<p>Clear roles and routines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The American Family Assets Study highlights which of the following traits as important for family well-being?

<p>Community ties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is acknowledged regarding family resilience?

<p>Some challenges require systemic supports (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the introduction of a research proposal?

<p>Clear statement of the hypothesis and overview of the research problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of the method section in a research proposal?

<p>Importance of the study in society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key piece of advice for writing a research proposal?

<p>Revise after drafting to enhance clarity and coherence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a focus area of the research example on gender and mental health?

<p>Biological sex versus gender role orientation as explanatory theories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does societal perception play according to the debates in gender and mental health?

<p>It contributes to the mental health gap between genders. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes fluid abilities during adulthood?

<p>They are related to creativity and flexible thinking. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Higgins' theory explain discrepancies in identity?

<p>Actual/Ideal discrepancy concerns aspirations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of an interdependent self within cultural perspectives?

<p>Understanding behavior through relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental task according to C.G. Jung in the second half of life?

<p>Individuation and inner growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does role strain often pose in adulthood?

<p>Balancing multiple role demands becomes difficult. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social identity can lead to the conflicting standards dilemma?

<p>The perception of belonging to a social category. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tends to happen to self-esteem as individuals transition from young to middle adulthood?

<p>It rises and peaks around age 60 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cognitive abilities is likely to decline in late adulthood?

<p>Processing speed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effect of 'the second shift' on women during adulthood?

<p>It increases demands in fulfilling multiple roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome related to the Actual/Ought discrepancy in Higgins' theory?

<p>Presence of undesired outcomes or sanctions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically associated with challenges faced during retirement?

<p>Physical health status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During middle and late adulthood, which of the following affects positive affect and neuroticism?

<p>Positive affect increases while neuroticism decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age does adulthood begin?

<p>In the 3rd decade of life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a midlife crisis?

<p>An emotional crisis related to identity and self-confidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of processing speed and memory, what happens in late adulthood?

<p>Mild decline occurs in processing speed, but working memory can maintain function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional challenge noted in middle and late adulthood?

<p>Loss of spouse or significant others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge that increases with age, concrete knowledge.

Fluid Abilities

Creative thinking and flexible problem-solving; peaks in 20s-30s, then stabilizes.

Actual/Ideal Discrepancy

Failing to meet your aspirations; leads to a loss of desired outcomes.

Actual/Ought Discrepancy

Failing to meet obligations or duties, leading to undesired outcomes.

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Independent Self

Focuses on autonomy and unique identity; separate from others.

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Interdependent Self

Identity based on relationships; behavior influenced by others' thoughts/feelings.

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Role Strain

Difficulty fulfilling multiple roles, often affecting women more due to 'second shift'.

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Social Identity

Belonging to a social category (e.g., gender, ethnicity), with personal significance.

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Collectivist Culture

Focuses on relationships, empathy, and situational adjustment, believing that individuals are fundamentally connected to others.

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Individualistic Culture

Emphasizes autonomy, personal identity separate from society, and valuing self-achievement.

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Cultural Competence

The ability to work effectively and respectfully with diverse families, understanding their values and practices.

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Family Structure

The organization of a family unit, including the roles and relationships of its members.

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Strengths-Based Approach

Focusing on existing strengths and resources within families to help them thrive.

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Family Resilience

The ability of families to withstand challenges and adapt to difficult situations.

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Deficit-Based Approach

Focusing on fixing what's wrong, highlighting problems and weaknesses within families.

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Family Composition

The makeup of a family, including the members, their roles, and responsibilities.

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Prolonged Grief Disorder

A new mental health diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR for prolonged and intense grief, characterized by difficulty accepting the loss and persistent yearning for the deceased.

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Successful Aging

Achieving a high quality of life in later years, characterized by good health, positive mental outlook, and active social engagement.

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Key Factors in Successful Aging

Factors contributing to successful aging include a positive personality, strong social connections, and adaptability.

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Diversity

The variation of human experiences, backgrounds, and contexts, encompassing a wide range of individual differences.

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Cultural Meaning Systems

The shared values, beliefs, and practices that shape how people perceive the world and themselves.

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Cousins' Research (1989)

Studied the influence of cultural meaning systems on self-perception, comparing Japanese individuals with American individuals.

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Concrete vs. Abstract Thinking

A cultural difference in how people approach thinking, with Japanese individuals tending towards concrete thinking and Americans towards abstract thinking.

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Cultural Meaning Systems and Self-Perception

How cultural values and beliefs shape an individual's understanding of who they are and how they relate to the world.

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Individuation

A developmental process in the second half of life that emphasizes personal growth, self-acceptance, and letting go of the ego. It involves exploring your inner self, understanding your values, and finding meaning in life.

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Midlife Crisis

An emotional crisis that can occur in middle age and is characterized by feelings of uncertainty, dissatisfaction, and a desire for change. It often involves questioning life choices, values, and priorities.

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Cognitive Changes in Late Adulthood

Cognitive abilities may decline gradually in late adulthood, particularly in areas like recalling facts and processing information quickly. However, many people can still maintain their cognitive function with accommodations.

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Loss of Spouse or Significant Others

A significant stressor in middle and late adulthood, which can lead to grief, bereavement, and a profound sense of loss. It involves adapting to life without the presence of a loved one.

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Retirement

A major life transition that requires adaptation in multiple areas, including finances, social activities, and sense of purpose. It can be a time of joy and freedom, but also potentially stressful.

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Grief as a Disorder?

The question of whether grief can be considered a disorder is a complex one. While grief is a natural and expected response to loss, some individuals experience prolonged or intense grief that significantly impairs their daily functioning.

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Psychological Considerations in Grief

Grief is a complex emotional process that can involve a wide range of feelings and experiences. Understanding the different psychological aspects of grief can help individuals navigate this challenging time.

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Adaptations Required for Retirement

Retirement requires significant adjustments to finances, social life, and overall lifestyle. These include financial planning for retirement, exploring new hobbies and interests, and maintaining connections with loved ones.

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Research Hypothesis

A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables in your research.

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Participants in Research

The individuals or groups involved in a research study, who provide data.

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Measures in Research

Tools used to collect data in a study, like surveys, interviews, or behavioral observations.

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Proposed Analysis

The plan for how you will interpret and make sense of the data collected in your research.

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APA Style

A specific format for writing and citing research papers, commonly used in social sciences.

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Family Strengths

Positive qualities and characteristics that contribute to a family's well-being and resilience.

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Individual Characteristics

Traits and behaviors within a family that contribute to its strength, such as calmness, confidence, and encouragement.

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Patterns of Interaction

Established roles, responsibilities, and boundaries that create a sense of order and stability within a family.

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Cohesion

A sense of unity and belonging within a family, often fostered through shared traditions and routines.

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Parent-Child Relationships

The quality of interaction between parents and children, characterized by respect, warmth, and guidance.

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Strengthening Marriages

Building a strong and healthy marital relationship through emotional connection and effective conflict resolution.

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Cultural and Community Strengths

Positive aspects of a family's cultural identity and connections within their community that contribute to their well-being.

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Study Notes

Adulthood

  • Approximate age range: Begins in the third decade (typically the 20s)
  • Intellectual Functioning:
    • Crystalized intelligence: Accumulated concrete knowledge that increases with age.
    • Fluid abilities: Creativity, flexible thinking, peak in the 20s-30s then stabilize.
  • Major Tasks and Concerns in Adulthood:
    • Identity: Social roles central, involving multiple selves.
    • Contemporary views on Identity & Self:
      • Higgins' Theory: "Empirical Self" based on observable aspects.
      • Two dimensions: Actual-Ideal discrepancy and Actual-Ought discrepancy; failures to meet aspirations or duties lead to loss or sanctions (undesired outcomes).
    • Identity and Personality:
      • Cultural perspectives: Independent self (autonomy) vs. interdependent self (identity within relationships, influenced by others).
      • Cultural Priming: Behavior influenced by perceived thoughts/feelings of close others.
      • Role Strain: Fulfilling multiple role demands is challenging, often impacting women due to "second shift."

Midlife and Late Adulthood

  • Middle adulthood: ~40-60 years old
  • Late adulthood: ~65+ years old
  • Intellectual Abilities and Aging:
    • Positive developments: Positive affect increases, negative affect and neuroticism decrease.
    • Self-esteem generally peaks around age 60.
    • Challenges: Mild decline in processing speed and short-term memory.
  • Social Identity and Conflicting Standards Dilemma
    • Social identity: The perception of belonging to a social category (e.g., gender, ethnicity).
    • Conflicting standards: May explain sex differences in psychological outcomes (e.g., higher depression rates in women).
  • Midlife Crisis: A potential emotional crisis of identity and self-confidence.
  • Successful Aging Factors: Personality, adaptability, positive attitude, optimism, social supports, community connections.
  • Mid-life Crisis Revisited: Often associated with major stressful life experiences.
  • Cognitive Changes: Some decline, particularly with explicit memory, but working memory can be maintained with accommodations.
  • Social and Emotional Stressors in Middle & Late Adulthood: Loss of spouse/significant others, retirement (adaptations, financial considerations, economic security).
  • Psychological Considerations in Grief: Grief as a disorder, reclassified as prolonged grief disorder in DSM-5-TR, different from major depressive disorder.

Diverse Families

  • Definition: Variation in human experiences, dynamic and evolving backgrounds, contexts.
  • Characteristics influencing diversity: Ability/disability, aboriginal/mixed/immigrant backgrounds, age.
  • Further diversity factors: bilingualism/multiculturalism, body size, customs and traditions, ethnicity/race, educational/disciplinary status, gender, gender identity, geographical background, marital status, political ideologies.

Family Strengths Lecture

  • Strengths-based vs. deficit-based approach
  • Characteristics of strong families (individual characteristics, patterns of interaction, cohesion)
  • Family resilience: Ability to adapt and rebound from adversity.
  • Parent-Child Relationships: Respectful communication, warmth/affection, sensitivity, emotional expression.
  • Romantic and Social Bonds: Quality relationships benefit adults and children, parental happiness influences children's success.

Writing APA Proposals

  • Types of Scholarly Articles: Quantitative (original empirical research), Qualitative (original empirical research – thematic/descriptive).
  • Proposal Structure: Introduction (problem, question/theory, review of literature, hypothesis statement), Method (Participants, Measures, Procedure, Proposed Analysis), Significance and Limitations.
  • Writing Tips: Simple words, conversational writing, avoid wordiness, revise after drafting.
  • Research Examples: Gender and Mental Health (focus areas: gender roles/identity).

Research Examples (cont'd) in Diversity

  • Biological sex vs. gender role orientation as explanatory theories.
  • Role of gender in mental health disparities.
  • Impacts of societal views/stereotypes on mental health.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics and concerns of adulthood, including intellectual functioning and social identity. This quiz covers key concepts such as crystalized vs. fluid intelligence, identity theory, and cultural perspectives in adulthood. Explore how various dimensions of identity shape our roles and personalities as we navigate this stage of life.

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