Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary concern during the older adult phase?
What is the primary concern during the older adult phase?
- Achieving independence
- Developing new food skills
- Gaining physical strength
- Sustaining physical and mental capacity (correct)
During which stage of adulthood do people typically develop nutrition awareness for their children?
During which stage of adulthood do people typically develop nutrition awareness for their children?
- Midlife
- Early adulthood (correct)
- Around 50s
- Later adulthood
What is the term for the phase around the fifties, characterized by caring for both younger and older family members?
What is the term for the phase around the fifties, characterized by caring for both younger and older family members?
- Midlife
- Later adulthood
- Sandwich generation (correct)
- Early adulthood
What is the primary factor influencing the future course of health and wellness during adulthood?
What is the primary factor influencing the future course of health and wellness during adulthood?
What percentage of American adults are living with one or more preventable chronic diseases?
What percentage of American adults are living with one or more preventable chronic diseases?
What is the primary focus of nutrition-related risk factors in adults?
What is the primary focus of nutrition-related risk factors in adults?
During which stage of adulthood do people typically experience health concerns?
During which stage of adulthood do people typically experience health concerns?
What is the age range for the period of adulthood characterized by diet, physical activity, smoking, and body weight strongly influencing health and wellness?
What is the age range for the period of adulthood characterized by diet, physical activity, smoking, and body weight strongly influencing health and wellness?
What is the main focus of nutrition during adult years?
What is the main focus of nutrition during adult years?
Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for cancer?
Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for cancer?
What is the recommended daily intake of dietary cholesterol to prevent heart disease?
What is the recommended daily intake of dietary cholesterol to prevent heart disease?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an obesogenic diet?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an obesogenic diet?
What is the common modifiable nutritional risk factor for both heart disease and diabetes?
What is the common modifiable nutritional risk factor for both heart disease and diabetes?
Which of the following is an independent risk factor for chronic conditions?
Which of the following is an independent risk factor for chronic conditions?
What is the recommended waist circumference to prevent heart disease?
What is the recommended waist circumference to prevent heart disease?
Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for heart disease?
Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for heart disease?
What is the expected rate of decline in metabolic rate and energy expenditure per decade for men?
What is the expected rate of decline in metabolic rate and energy expenditure per decade for men?
What is the effect of low vitamin D on calcium bioavailability?
What is the effect of low vitamin D on calcium bioavailability?
What is the role of potassium in the body?
What is the role of potassium in the body?
What is the estimated decline in physical working capacity between ages 25 and 65?
What is the estimated decline in physical working capacity between ages 25 and 65?
What is the effect of gut dysbiosis on the body?
What is the effect of gut dysbiosis on the body?
What is the recommended way to increase potassium intake?
What is the recommended way to increase potassium intake?
What is the effect of fiber on energy density and weight control?
What is the effect of fiber on energy density and weight control?
What is the role of magnesium in the body?
What is the role of magnesium in the body?
What occurs at the clinical condition stage of nutritional health?
What occurs at the clinical condition stage of nutritional health?
What is the focus of intervention during the chronic condition stage?
What is the focus of intervention during the chronic condition stage?
What is a characteristic of bone health during adulthood?
What is a characteristic of bone health during adulthood?
What is a risk nutrient for adults?
What is a risk nutrient for adults?
What occurs during the terminal illness and death stage?
What occurs during the terminal illness and death stage?
What influences the course of health and wellness for adults?
What influences the course of health and wellness for adults?
What can be used to estimate energy needs?
What can be used to estimate energy needs?
What is a characteristic of subclinical nutritional injury?
What is a characteristic of subclinical nutritional injury?
What is the result of calcium being removed from bones?
What is the result of calcium being removed from bones?
Which vitamin has antioxidant functions and is involved in cell repair?
Which vitamin has antioxidant functions and is involved in cell repair?
What is the effect of adiposity on iron absorption?
What is the effect of adiposity on iron absorption?
What is the characteristic of the first stage of nutritional health?
What is the characteristic of the first stage of nutritional health?
What is the goal of nutrition education and dietary guidance in the second stage of nutritional health?
What is the goal of nutrition education and dietary guidance in the second stage of nutritional health?
What is the characteristic of the third stage of nutritional health?
What is the characteristic of the third stage of nutritional health?
What is the potential intervention in the third stage of nutritional health?
What is the potential intervention in the third stage of nutritional health?
What is the role of choline in the body?
What is the role of choline in the body?
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Study Notes
Adulthood
- Adulthood is a long period between the active growth and development phases of infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and the older adult phases where a concern is sustaining physical and mental capacity.
- Adulthood is subdivided into early adulthood (20s), midlife (40s), and later adulthood (early sixties).
Physiological Changes in Adults
- Body composition changes in adults:
- Bone loss begins around the 40s
- Adiposity: fat redistribution (more central; less subcutaneous)
- Increases in hypertension, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease
- Changes in gut microbiome, releasing nutrients like potassium, B12, biotin, and carnitine
Modifiable Nutritional Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases
- Cancer:
- Low fruit and vegetable intake
- Low antioxidants (vitamins A and C)
- High dietary fat intake
- Nitrosamines, burnt and charred food
- High intakes of pickled and fermented food
- Alcohol consumption
- High animal-food, low plant-food intake
- Heart Disease:
- Atherogenic diet
- High saturated fat (>10% calories)
- Trans-fatty acid intake
- Dietary cholesterol intake (>300 mg)
- Low fruit and vegetable intake
- Low antioxidants
- Low intake of whole grains
- No or excess alcohol intake
- High sodium intake
- Low potassium intake
- Low intake of milk and dairy foods
- High waist circumference (men >40 inches, women >35 inches)
- Obesity:
- Obesogenic diet
- Caloric intake exceeding needs
- Unstructured eating
- Frequent fast-food consumption
- High fat intake
- Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption
- Energy-dense, low-nutrient food choices
- Diabetes:
- Atherogenic diet
- Obesogenic diet
Nutrients at Risk
- Fiber: reduces energy density and weight control
- Potassium and Sodium: opposing effects on blood vessels
- Calcium and Vitamin D: low vitamin D > less calcium bioavailability
- Magnesium: def >> calcium-activated inflammatory cascade
- Vitamin A and Vitamin E: antioxidant functions, cell repair
- Choline: fatty liver and muscle deterioration, CVD - homocyteine conversion
- Iron: Anemia, work performance, cognitive function, immune function
States of Nutritional Health
- Resilient and "Healthy": metabolic systems in homeostasis, organs functioning at optimum level
- Altered Substrate Availability: early, subclinical state of nutritional harm
- Nonspecific Signs and Symptoms: insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients or energy leads to observable changes
- Clinical Condition: signs and symptoms of illness, medical diagnosis (e.g., atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, type 2 diabetes, or depression)
- Chronic Condition: altered metabolism and structural changes in tissues become permanent and irreversible
- Terminal Illness and Death: final stage in the continuum, complications advance, body systems shut down, and life ceases
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