Adult Nutrition and Chronic Diseases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary concern during the older adult phase?

Achieving independence

Developing new food skills

Gaining physical strength

Sustaining physical and mental capacity (correct)

During which stage of adulthood do people typically develop nutrition awareness for their children?

Midlife

Early adulthood (correct)

Around 50s

Later adulthood

What is the term for the phase around the fifties, characterized by caring for both younger and older family members?

Midlife

Later adulthood

Sandwich generation (correct)

Early adulthood

What is the primary factor influencing the future course of health and wellness during adulthood?

Lifestyle choices Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of American adults are living with one or more preventable chronic diseases?

About half Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nutrition-related risk factors in adults?

Identifying nutrition-related risk factors Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of adulthood do people typically experience health concerns?

Midlife Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for the period of adulthood characterized by diet, physical activity, smoking, and body weight strongly influencing health and wellness?

20-64 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of nutrition during adult years?

Preserving health and maintaining a healthy weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for cancer?

Low intake of vitamins A and C Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of dietary cholesterol to prevent heart disease?

<300 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of an obesogenic diet?

Unstructured eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the common modifiable nutritional risk factor for both heart disease and diabetes?

Obesogenic diet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an independent risk factor for chronic conditions?

Obesity (BMI >30) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended waist circumference to prevent heart disease?

<40 inches for men and <35 inches for women Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a modifiable nutritional risk factor for heart disease?

Low intake of milk and dairy foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected rate of decline in metabolic rate and energy expenditure per decade for men?

2.9% Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of low vitamin D on calcium bioavailability?

Decreases calcium bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of potassium in the body?

Has opposing effects on blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated decline in physical working capacity between ages 25 and 65?

5-10% per decade Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of gut dysbiosis on the body?

Breakdown in the balance of protective and harmful bacterial in the intestines Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to increase potassium intake?

Increase consumption of fruits and vegetables and low-fat dairy products Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fiber on energy density and weight control?

Decreases energy density and weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of magnesium in the body?

Activates inflammatory cascade Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the clinical condition stage of nutritional health?

Signs and symptoms of illness are present Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of intervention during the chronic condition stage?

Managing the condition and preventing complications Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of bone health during adulthood?

Bone mass begins to decline Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk nutrient for adults?

Saturated fat Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the terminal illness and death stage?

Body systems shut down and life ceases Signup and view all the answers

What influences the course of health and wellness for adults?

Individual choices and external factors Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to estimate energy needs?

Several methods Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of subclinical nutritional injury?

Early alterations can be reversed Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of calcium being removed from bones?

Osteopenia Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin has antioxidant functions and is involved in cell repair?

Vitamin A Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adiposity on iron absorption?

It decreases iron absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the first stage of nutritional health?

Metabolic systems are in homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of nutrition education and dietary guidance in the second stage of nutritional health?

To inform people about common risks and encourage healthful diets Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the third stage of nutritional health?

Observable changes in the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential intervention in the third stage of nutritional health?

Dietary guidance and nutrition counseling Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of choline in the body?

Fatty liver and muscle deterioration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adulthood

Adulthood is a long period between the active growth and development phases of infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and the older adult phases where a concern is sustaining physical and mental capacity.
Adulthood is subdivided into early adulthood (20s), midlife (40s), and later adulthood (early sixties).

Physiological Changes in Adults

Body composition changes in adults:
Bone loss begins around the 40s
Adiposity: fat redistribution (more central; less subcutaneous)
Increases in hypertension, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease
Changes in gut microbiome, releasing nutrients like potassium, B12, biotin, and carnitine

Modifiable Nutritional Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases

Cancer:
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Low antioxidants (vitamins A and C)
High dietary fat intake
Nitrosamines, burnt and charred food
High intakes of pickled and fermented food
Alcohol consumption
High animal-food, low plant-food intake
Heart Disease:
Atherogenic diet
High saturated fat (>10% calories)
Trans-fatty acid intake
Dietary cholesterol intake (>300 mg)
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Low antioxidants
Low intake of whole grains
No or excess alcohol intake
High sodium intake
Low potassium intake
Low intake of milk and dairy foods
High waist circumference (men >40 inches, women >35 inches)
Obesity:
Obesogenic diet
Caloric intake exceeding needs
Unstructured eating
Frequent fast-food consumption
High fat intake
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption
Energy-dense, low-nutrient food choices
Diabetes:
Atherogenic diet
Obesogenic diet

Nutrients at Risk

Fiber: reduces energy density and weight control
Potassium and Sodium: opposing effects on blood vessels
Calcium and Vitamin D: low vitamin D > less calcium bioavailability
Magnesium: def >> calcium-activated inflammatory cascade
Vitamin A and Vitamin E: antioxidant functions, cell repair
Choline: fatty liver and muscle deterioration, CVD - homocyteine conversion
Iron: Anemia, work performance, cognitive function, immune function

States of Nutritional Health

Resilient and "Healthy": metabolic systems in homeostasis, organs functioning at optimum level
Altered Substrate Availability: early, subclinical state of nutritional harm
Nonspecific Signs and Symptoms: insufficient or excessive intake of nutrients or energy leads to observable changes
Clinical Condition: signs and symptoms of illness, medical diagnosis (e.g., atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, cancer, type 2 diabetes, or depression)
Chronic Condition: altered metabolism and structural changes in tissues become permanent and irreversible
Terminal Illness and Death: final stage in the continuum, complications advance, body systems shut down, and life ceases

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Description

This quiz covers nutrition-related risk factors, physiological changes in adulthood, and their association with chronic diseases. It also highlights essential nutrients and their recommended daily intake. Based on Chapter 16 of Nutrition Through the Life Cycle, 6e by Judith E. Brown.