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What is the primary focus of learning objectives related to adrenergic drugs?
What is the primary focus of learning objectives related to adrenergic drugs?
What aspect of adrenergic drugs is crucial for understanding their observed cardiovascular effects?
What aspect of adrenergic drugs is crucial for understanding their observed cardiovascular effects?
Which factor is important for describing the significant pharmacokinetic properties of adrenergic drugs?
Which factor is important for describing the significant pharmacokinetic properties of adrenergic drugs?
Which drug is approved for the treatment of urge incontinence due to hyperactive bladder?
Which drug is approved for the treatment of urge incontinence due to hyperactive bladder?
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Which drug is used as a tocolytic agent to relax the pregnant uterus and suppress premature labor?
Which drug is used as a tocolytic agent to relax the pregnant uterus and suppress premature labor?
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Which drug is classified as a selective ß2 agonist and is used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?
Which drug is classified as a selective ß2 agonist and is used for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?
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Which drug is categorized as a nasal decongestant and a CNS stimulant?
Which drug is categorized as a nasal decongestant and a CNS stimulant?
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Which receptor does norepinephrine activate?
Which receptor does norepinephrine activate?
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What is the mechanism of action of isoproterenol?
What is the mechanism of action of isoproterenol?
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What is the effect of isoproterenol on bronchial and GI smooth muscle?
What is the effect of isoproterenol on bronchial and GI smooth muscle?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of dopamine in cardiogenic shock?
What is the primary therapeutic use of dopamine in cardiogenic shock?
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Which receptor does dobutamine primarily act on?
Which receptor does dobutamine primarily act on?
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What is the main effect of phenylephrine in the eye?
What is the main effect of phenylephrine in the eye?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of phenylephrine?
What is the primary therapeutic use of phenylephrine?
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What is the effect of norepinephrine on pulse rate?
What is the effect of norepinephrine on pulse rate?
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What is the primary effect of epinephrine in open-angle glaucoma?
What is the primary effect of epinephrine in open-angle glaucoma?
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What is the primary adverse effect of epinephrine?
What is the primary adverse effect of epinephrine?
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What is the mechanism of action of dipivefrin?
What is the mechanism of action of dipivefrin?
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What is the primary therapeutic use of dobutamine?
What is the primary therapeutic use of dobutamine?
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Which receptors does epinephrine act on?
Which receptors does epinephrine act on?
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What are the dose-dependent effects of epinephrine?
What are the dose-dependent effects of epinephrine?
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What are the metabolic effects of epinephrine?
What are the metabolic effects of epinephrine?
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How are catecholamines like epinephrine inactivated?
How are catecholamines like epinephrine inactivated?
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What is a therapeutic use of epinephrine?
What is a therapeutic use of epinephrine?
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Which type of adrenergic agonist is albuterol?
Which type of adrenergic agonist is albuterol?
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How is epinephrine administered?
How is epinephrine administered?
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What effect does high-dose epinephrine have on blood vessels?
What effect does high-dose epinephrine have on blood vessels?
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What is the duration of action of epinephrine?
What is the duration of action of epinephrine?
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What effect does epinephrine have on renin secretion?
What effect does epinephrine have on renin secretion?
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What is the classification of adrenergic agonists based on their mechanism of action?
What is the classification of adrenergic agonists based on their mechanism of action?
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What is the effect of epinephrine on mast cell degranulation?
What is the effect of epinephrine on mast cell degranulation?
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Which drug is used as a tocolytic agent to relax the pregnant uterus and suppress premature labor?
Which drug is used as a tocolytic agent to relax the pregnant uterus and suppress premature labor?
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Which drug is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used for its antihypertensive effects?
Which drug is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used for its antihypertensive effects?
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Which drug is a local anesthetic and CNS stimulant that blocks uptake of NE in adrenergic neurons?
Which drug is a local anesthetic and CNS stimulant that blocks uptake of NE in adrenergic neurons?
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Which drug acts as a CNS stimulant, increasing the release of monoamines and blocking catecholamine reuptake, and is used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy?
Which drug acts as a CNS stimulant, increasing the release of monoamines and blocking catecholamine reuptake, and is used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy?
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Which drug is used as a spasmolytic in spinal cord spasticity?
Which drug is used as a spasmolytic in spinal cord spasticity?
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Which drug is used as a ophthalmic preparation to decrease intraocular tension in open-angle glaucoma?
Which drug is used as a ophthalmic preparation to decrease intraocular tension in open-angle glaucoma?
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Which drug releases large amounts of stored catecholamines from nerve terminals and is found in fermented foods, but is not clinically used?
Which drug releases large amounts of stored catecholamines from nerve terminals and is found in fermented foods, but is not clinically used?
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Which drug acts directly on α and ß receptors and indirectly by releasing stored NE from nerve endings, and were previously used in bronchial asthma and nasal congestion?
Which drug acts directly on α and ß receptors and indirectly by releasing stored NE from nerve endings, and were previously used in bronchial asthma and nasal congestion?
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Which drug is categorized as a nasal decongestant and a CNS stimulant?
Which drug is categorized as a nasal decongestant and a CNS stimulant?
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Which drug is a selective ß2 agonist and is used for bronchodilation and suppressing release of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory system?
Which drug is a selective ß2 agonist and is used for bronchodilation and suppressing release of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory system?
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Which drug is used for hypertension and withdrawal symptoms, and its adverse effects include sedation, bradycardia, sexual dysfunction, rebound hypertension, xerostomia, and constipation?
Which drug is used for hypertension and withdrawal symptoms, and its adverse effects include sedation, bradycardia, sexual dysfunction, rebound hypertension, xerostomia, and constipation?
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Which drug is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used for its antihypertensive effects?
Which drug is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used for its antihypertensive effects?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Agonists and Epinephrine Pharmacology
- Adrenergic agonists are classified into direct acting, indirect acting, and mixed acting types
- Direct acting adrenergic agonists include epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and albuterol
- Catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine are rapidly inactivated by MAO and COMT
- Epinephrine acts on α1, α2, ß1, and ß2 receptors, producing cardiovascular effects
- Non-catecholamines like albuterol and clonidine act on α1 and ß2 receptors
- Epinephrine has dose-dependent effects, with low doses stimulating ß1 and ß2 receptors and high doses stimulating α1 and ß1 receptors
- At high doses, epinephrine induces vasopressor effects through α1 stimulation and vasodepressor effects through ß2 stimulation
- Epinephrine's metabolic effects include hyperglycemia, bronchodilatation, and smooth muscle relaxation in various organs
- It can also cause tremors and CNS effects, stimulate renin secretion, inhibit mast cell degranulation, and stimulate platelet aggregation
- Epinephrine is orally inactive, rapidly degraded by MAO and COMT, and has a brief duration of action
- Therapeutically, epinephrine is used for bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock, and as an adjunct to local anesthetics
- Epinephrine is administered via various routes including IV, SC, endotracheal tube, inhalation, and topical application
Adrenergic Drugs: Actions, Uses, and Side Effects
- Clonidine is an α2-selective agonist with multiple mechanisms of action, including activation of presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors, used for hypertension and withdrawal symptoms.
- Clonidine's adverse effects include sedation, bradycardia, sexual dysfunction, rebound hypertension, xerostomia, and constipation.
- Apraclonidine is used as an ophthalmic preparation to decrease intraocular tension in open-angle glaucoma.
- Other α2 agonists include guanfacine, guanabenz, methyldopa (used for hypertension in pregnancy), and tizanidine (used as a spasmolytic in spinal cord spasticity).
- Direct-acting α-agonists like naphazoline, oxymetazoline, and xylometazoline are used as topical vasoconstrictors and nasal decongestants.
- Indirect-acting adrenergic drugs like amphetamine, tyramine, methyldopa, and ephedrine have various effects including CNS stimulation, vasoconstriction, and nasal decongestion.
- Amphetamine acts as a CNS stimulant, increasing the release of monoamines and blocking catecholamine reuptake, and is used in the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy.
- Tyramine releases large amounts of stored catecholamines from nerve terminals and is found in fermented foods, but is not clinically used.
- Methyldopa is a false neurotransmitter that reduces central adrenergic tone and is used for its antihypertensive effects.
- Cocaine is a local anesthetic and CNS stimulant that blocks uptake of NE in adrenergic neurons.
- Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine act directly on α and ß receptors and indirectly by releasing stored NE from nerve endings, and were previously used in bronchial asthma and nasal congestion.
- Drugs having selective ß2 action include albuterol, pirbuterol, salmeterol, formoterol, terbutaline, and metaproterenol, and are used for bronchodilation and suppressing release of inflammatory mediators in the respiratory system.
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Description
Test your knowledge of adrenergic agonists and their pharmacology with this quiz. Explore the actions, uses, and side effects of various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed-acting agents. Brush up on important details about specific medications such as epinephrine, clonidine, albuterol, and more.
