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Questions and Answers
What is the primary clinical use of albuterol?
What is the primary clinical use of albuterol?
- To prevent premature parturition
- To relax airway smooth muscle (correct)
- To relax uterine smooth muscle
- To induce bronchoconstriction
What effect does prazosin have on blood pressure?
What effect does prazosin have on blood pressure?
- Lowers blood pressure (correct)
- Causes hypertension
- Has no effect on blood pressure
- Increases blood pressure
Which of the following is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist?
Which of the following is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist?
- Esmolol
- Propranolol (correct)
- Atenolol
- Metoprolol
What is one of the significant adverse effects of propranolol?
What is one of the significant adverse effects of propranolol?
What is the main action of ritodrine?
What is the main action of ritodrine?
Which of the following beta-blockers is known for its selective action on beta-1 receptors?
Which of the following beta-blockers is known for its selective action on beta-1 receptors?
Labetalol is primarily used for which condition?
Labetalol is primarily used for which condition?
What is the predominant response of alpha1-adrenergic agonists?
What is the predominant response of alpha1-adrenergic agonists?
Which adrenergic receptor does yohimbine selectively block?
Which adrenergic receptor does yohimbine selectively block?
Which of the following medications is used primarily for glaucoma treatment?
Which of the following medications is used primarily for glaucoma treatment?
Where are beta1-adrenergic receptors primarily located?
Where are beta1-adrenergic receptors primarily located?
Which statement about carvedilol is true?
Which statement about carvedilol is true?
What effect do beta-adrenergic agonists have on smooth muscle?
What effect do beta-adrenergic agonists have on smooth muscle?
What distinguishes sympathomimetics from sympatholytics?
What distinguishes sympathomimetics from sympatholytics?
Alpha2-adrenergic receptors primarily control what function?
Alpha2-adrenergic receptors primarily control what function?
Which of the following is an example of an indirect acting sympathomimetic?
Which of the following is an example of an indirect acting sympathomimetic?
What is a common effect of beta2-adrenergic agonists on the body?
What is a common effect of beta2-adrenergic agonists on the body?
Which class of drugs can be classified as sympatholytics?
Which class of drugs can be classified as sympatholytics?
What is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg?
What is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg?
Which pharmacologic intervention belongs to the category of sympatholytics?
Which pharmacologic intervention belongs to the category of sympatholytics?
Which dietary modification is considered a first-line therapy for hypertension?
Which dietary modification is considered a first-line therapy for hypertension?
What role does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) play in hypertension?
What role does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) play in hypertension?
Which class of drugs is not typically included in pharmacologic interventions for hypertension?
Which class of drugs is not typically included in pharmacologic interventions for hypertension?
What is the main route of administration for Epinephrine?
What is the main route of administration for Epinephrine?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Epinephrine?
Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Epinephrine?
Which selective adrenergic agonist is classified as a direct α2 agonist?
Which selective adrenergic agonist is classified as a direct α2 agonist?
Which adrenergic receptor does Isoproterenol primarily stimulate?
Which adrenergic receptor does Isoproterenol primarily stimulate?
What is the effect of Epinephrine on blood glucose levels?
What is the effect of Epinephrine on blood glucose levels?
In which of the following situations is Epinephrine indicated for use?
In which of the following situations is Epinephrine indicated for use?
What is a characteristic of catecholamines?
What is a characteristic of catecholamines?
What is the primary effect of Dobutamine?
What is the primary effect of Dobutamine?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Agonists
- β2 Selective Agonists: Cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilatation.
- Key Medications:
- Albuterol and salbutamol are used as aerosols for asthma.
- Ritodrine relaxes uterine smooth muscle to prevent premature labor.
Anaphylaxis Case Study
- A 33-year-old female with a peanut allergy experienced anaphylactic symptoms post-ingestion.
- Intramuscular epinephrine (0.3 mg) was administered, rapidly stabilizing vital signs and alleviating symptoms.
Sympatholytics
- Non-Selective α-AR Antagonists: Phentolamine and Phenoxybenzamine are used for pheochromocytoma.
- Selective α1-AR Antagonists: Include prazosin, terazosin, alfuzosin, and tamsulosin for hypertension relief and urinary bladder relaxation.
Prazosin
- Effective antihypertensive agent with high affinity for α1 receptors.
- Causes arterial and venous smooth muscle relaxation, leading to lower blood pressure and reduced venous return.
Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
- Non-Selective β-AR Antagonists: Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, and timolol.
- Selective β1-AR Antagonists: Metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol.
- Selective β2-AR Antagonist: Butoxamine.
Propranolol
- Produces bradycardia, reduces heart's contraction force, and lowers blood pressure.
- Adverse effects include bronchoconstriction and hypoglycemia.
- Indicated for cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, angina prophylaxis, and anxiety.
Non-Selective Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
- Labetalol: Non-selective beta antagonist with alpha1 blocking activity; used for hypertension and hypertensive crises.
- Carvedilol: Similar actions to labetalol; used in hypertension and congestive heart failure.
Alpha Adrenergic Receptors
- α1-ARs: Predominantly cause vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation.
- α2-ARs: Located presynaptically, regulating neurotransmitter release.
Beta Adrenergic Receptors
- β1-ARs: Primarily in heart and kidney, affecting contractility and renal blood flow.
- β2-ARs: Found in smooth muscles; activation leads to relaxation and increased glycogenolysis.
Drugs Acting on the Sympathetic Nervous System
- Sympathomimetics: Mimic sympathetic stimulation (e.g., NE, epi).
- Sympatholytics: Inhibit sympathetic activity (β-blockers).
Direct Acting Drugs
- Potency for alpha receptors: Epinephrine > Norepinephrine > Isoproterenol.
- For beta receptors: Isoproterenol > Epinephrine > Norepinephrine.
Epinephrine
- Administered intramuscularly due to poor oral absorption.
- Indications include asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and local hemostasis.
Selective Adrenergic Agonists
- Direct α1 Agonists: Phenylephrine, methoxamine.
- β1 selective: Dobutamine increases heart rate and contractility.
Dopamine and Dobutamine
- Dopamine enhances renal blood flow and cardiac output; effects vary by dosage.
- Dobutamine specifically increases cardiac contractility and output.
Hypertension Overview
- Defined as sustained systolic BP > 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg.
- Treatment targets reduced cardiac output and total peripheral resistance through vasodilation.
Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Hypertension
- First-line therapies include dietary sodium restriction, weight control, aerobic activity, and limiting alcohol consumption.
Pharmacologic Interventions for Hypertension
- Diuretics: Promote fluid loss and lower blood pressure.
- Sympatholytics: Include beta blockers and α2 agonists.
- RAS Inhibitors: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are key in managing hypertension.
- Calcium Channel Blockers: Another class used to regulate blood pressure.
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