Adrenergic Agonists and Sympatholytics
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Adrenergic Agonists and Sympatholytics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary clinical use of albuterol?

  • To prevent premature parturition
  • To relax airway smooth muscle (correct)
  • To relax uterine smooth muscle
  • To induce bronchoconstriction

    • What effect does prazosin have on blood pressure?

  • Lowers blood pressure (correct)
  • Causes hypertension
  • Has no effect on blood pressure
  • Increases blood pressure

    • Which of the following is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist?

  • Esmolol
  • Propranolol (correct)
  • Atenolol
  • Metoprolol

    • What is one of the significant adverse effects of propranolol?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main action of ritodrine?

    <p>Relax uterine smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following beta-blockers is known for its selective action on beta-1 receptors?

    <p>Metoprolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Labetalol is primarily used for which condition?

    <p>Hypertensive crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant response of alpha1-adrenergic agonists?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptor does yohimbine selectively block?

    <p>Alpha-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is used primarily for glaucoma treatment?

    <p>Timolol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are beta1-adrenergic receptors primarily located?

    <p>In the heart and kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about carvedilol is true?

    <p>It is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do beta-adrenergic agonists have on smooth muscle?

    <p>Smooth muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes sympathomimetics from sympatholytics?

    <p>Sympathomimetics mimic sympathetic nerve stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alpha2-adrenergic receptors primarily control what function?

    <p>Release of neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an indirect acting sympathomimetic?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of beta2-adrenergic agonists on the body?

    <p>Uterine muscle relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs can be classified as sympatholytics?

    <p>Adrenergic antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as a sustained systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacologic intervention belongs to the category of sympatholytics?

    <p>Beta blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary modification is considered a first-line therapy for hypertension?

    <p>Dietary sodium restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) play in hypertension?

    <p>Increases total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is not typically included in pharmacologic interventions for hypertension?

    <p>Antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main route of administration for Epinephrine?

    <p>Intramuscularly or Subcutaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common adverse effect of Epinephrine?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selective adrenergic agonist is classified as a direct α2 agonist?

    <p>Clonidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adrenergic receptor does Isoproterenol primarily stimulate?

    <p>Both β1 and β2 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Epinephrine on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increases blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following situations is Epinephrine indicated for use?

    <p>Acute bronchial asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of catecholamines?

    <p>High potency in activating receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Dobutamine?

    <p>Increase cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adrenergic Agonists

    • β2 Selective Agonists: Cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilatation.
    • Key Medications:
      • Albuterol and salbutamol are used as aerosols for asthma.
      • Ritodrine relaxes uterine smooth muscle to prevent premature labor.

    Anaphylaxis Case Study

    • A 33-year-old female with a peanut allergy experienced anaphylactic symptoms post-ingestion.
    • Intramuscular epinephrine (0.3 mg) was administered, rapidly stabilizing vital signs and alleviating symptoms.

    Sympatholytics

    • Non-Selective α-AR Antagonists: Phentolamine and Phenoxybenzamine are used for pheochromocytoma.
    • Selective α1-AR Antagonists: Include prazosin, terazosin, alfuzosin, and tamsulosin for hypertension relief and urinary bladder relaxation.

    Prazosin

    • Effective antihypertensive agent with high affinity for α1 receptors.
    • Causes arterial and venous smooth muscle relaxation, leading to lower blood pressure and reduced venous return.

    Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists

    • Non-Selective β-AR Antagonists: Propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, and timolol.
    • Selective β1-AR Antagonists: Metoprolol, atenolol, esmolol.
    • Selective β2-AR Antagonist: Butoxamine.

    Propranolol

    • Produces bradycardia, reduces heart's contraction force, and lowers blood pressure.
    • Adverse effects include bronchoconstriction and hypoglycemia.
    • Indicated for cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, angina prophylaxis, and anxiety.

    Non-Selective Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists

    • Labetalol: Non-selective beta antagonist with alpha1 blocking activity; used for hypertension and hypertensive crises.
    • Carvedilol: Similar actions to labetalol; used in hypertension and congestive heart failure.

    Alpha Adrenergic Receptors

    • α1-ARs: Predominantly cause vasoconstriction and CNS stimulation.
    • α2-ARs: Located presynaptically, regulating neurotransmitter release.

    Beta Adrenergic Receptors

    • β1-ARs: Primarily in heart and kidney, affecting contractility and renal blood flow.
    • β2-ARs: Found in smooth muscles; activation leads to relaxation and increased glycogenolysis.

    Drugs Acting on the Sympathetic Nervous System

    • Sympathomimetics: Mimic sympathetic stimulation (e.g., NE, epi).
    • Sympatholytics: Inhibit sympathetic activity (β-blockers).

    Direct Acting Drugs

    • Potency for alpha receptors: Epinephrine > Norepinephrine > Isoproterenol.
    • For beta receptors: Isoproterenol > Epinephrine > Norepinephrine.

    Epinephrine

    • Administered intramuscularly due to poor oral absorption.
    • Indications include asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and local hemostasis.

    Selective Adrenergic Agonists

    • Direct α1 Agonists: Phenylephrine, methoxamine.
    • β1 selective: Dobutamine increases heart rate and contractility.

    Dopamine and Dobutamine

    • Dopamine enhances renal blood flow and cardiac output; effects vary by dosage.
    • Dobutamine specifically increases cardiac contractility and output.

    Hypertension Overview

    • Defined as sustained systolic BP > 140 mm Hg or diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg.
    • Treatment targets reduced cardiac output and total peripheral resistance through vasodilation.

    Non-Pharmacologic Interventions for Hypertension

    • First-line therapies include dietary sodium restriction, weight control, aerobic activity, and limiting alcohol consumption.

    Pharmacologic Interventions for Hypertension

    • Diuretics: Promote fluid loss and lower blood pressure.
    • Sympatholytics: Include beta blockers and α2 agonists.
    • RAS Inhibitors: ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists are key in managing hypertension.
    • Calcium Channel Blockers: Another class used to regulate blood pressure.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the pharmacology of adrenergic agonists and sympatholytics, focusing on selective agonists such as β2 and their applications in conditions like asthma and premature labor. It also examines the use of sympatholytics for managing hypertension and pheochromocytoma. Test your knowledge on key medications and their mechanisms of action.

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