Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the adrenergic nervous system?
Which type of adrenergic receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction?
What is the effect of phenylephrine on the body?
What is the effect of ephedrine on the body?
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What is the primary clinical application of beta blockers?
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Which type of adrenergic receptor is responsible for lipolysis and thermogenesis?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Pharmacology
Overview
- Adrenergic pharmacology refers to the study of drugs that interact with the adrenergic nervous system, which is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response.
- The adrenergic system is mediated by the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E).
Adrenergic Receptors
- There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: alpha (α) and beta (β).
- Alpha receptors:
- α1: Vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction
- α2: Inhibition of NE release, platelet aggregation
- Beta receptors:
- β1: Increased heart rate and contractility
- β2: Smooth muscle relaxation, bronchodilation
- β3: Lipolysis, thermogenesis
Adrenergic Agonists
- Direct-acting agonists:
- Phenylephrine (α1): Vasoconstriction, nasal decongestant
- Clonidine (α2): Antihypertensive, sedation
- Isoproterenol (β1/β2): Bronchodilation, cardiac stimulation
- Indirect-acting agonists:
- Ephedrine: Releases NE, increases heart rate and blood pressure
- Amphetamine: Releases NE and dopamine, stimulates CNS
Adrenergic Antagonists
- Alpha blockers:
- Phentolamine: Vasodilation, treatment of hypertension
- Prazosin: Treatment of hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Beta blockers:
- Propranolol: Antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic
- Atenolol: Antihypertensive, treatment of angina
Clinical Applications
- Treatment of hypertension
- Treatment of angina and heart failure
- Treatment of asthma and COPD (bronchodilation)
- Treatment of anaphylaxis (epinephrine)
Adrenergic Pharmacology
- Adrenergic pharmacology is the study of drugs that interact with the adrenergic nervous system, responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response.
- The adrenergic system is mediated by the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E).
Adrenergic Receptors
- There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: alpha (α) and beta (β).
- Alpha receptors have two subtypes: α1 and α2.
- Alpha 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction.
- Alpha 2 receptors inhibit NE release and cause platelet aggregation.
- Beta receptors have three subtypes: β1, β2, and β3.
- Beta 1 receptors increase heart rate and contractility.
- Beta 2 receptors cause smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
- Beta 3 receptors cause lipolysis and thermogenesis.
Adrenergic Agonists
- Direct-acting agonists stimulate adrenergic receptors directly.
- Phenylephrine is an α1 agonist that causes vasoconstriction and is used as a nasal decongestant.
- Clonidine is an α2 agonist that is used as an antihypertensive and has sedative properties.
- Isoproterenol is a β1 and β2 agonist that causes bronchodilation and cardiac stimulation.
- Indirect-acting agonists increase the release of NE or stimulate the release of NE and dopamine.
- Ephedrine is an indirect-acting agonist that increases heart rate and blood pressure.
- Amphetamine is an indirect-acting agonist that stimulates the CNS and increases the release of NE and dopamine.
Adrenergic Antagonists
- Alpha blockers are drugs that block alpha receptors.
- Phentolamine is an alpha blocker that causes vasodilation and is used to treat hypertension.
- Prazosin is an alpha blocker that is used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Beta blockers are drugs that block beta receptors.
- Propranolol is a beta blocker that is used to treat hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias.
- Atenolol is a beta blocker that is used to treat hypertension and angina.
Clinical Applications
- Adrenergic drugs are used to treat hypertension.
- Adrenergic drugs are used to treat angina and heart failure.
- Adrenergic drugs are used to treat asthma and COPD by causing bronchodilation.
- Epinephrine is used to treat anaphylaxis.
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Test your knowledge of adrenergic pharmacology, including the adrenergic nervous system, adrenergic receptors and their functions.