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Questions and Answers
Which drug is primarily used to treat anaphylaxis and can also serve as a local anesthetic?
Which drug is primarily used to treat anaphylaxis and can also serve as a local anesthetic?
Which of the following is a selective β1 antagonist?
Which of the following is a selective β1 antagonist?
What is the primary action of indirect acting sympathomimetic drugs?
What is the primary action of indirect acting sympathomimetic drugs?
Which drug is used primarily to stimulate bladder emptying?
Which drug is used primarily to stimulate bladder emptying?
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Which of the following represents a non-selective β antagonist?
Which of the following represents a non-selective β antagonist?
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Which treatment is NOT a clinical use of reversible anticholinesterase?
Which treatment is NOT a clinical use of reversible anticholinesterase?
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What is a primary use of atropine in clinical practice?
What is a primary use of atropine in clinical practice?
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Which side effect is associated with the use of atropine?
Which side effect is associated with the use of atropine?
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Scopolamine is primarily used for which condition?
Scopolamine is primarily used for which condition?
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How does Ipratropium function when used in asthmatic patients?
How does Ipratropium function when used in asthmatic patients?
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Study Notes
Adrenergic Agonists
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Direct acting: Stimulate adrenergic receptors directly
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Catecholamines: Naturally occurring neurotransmitters
- Epinephrine: α and β (all types) agonist. Used for anaphylaxis and with local anesthesia. Side effects include hyperglycemia, arrhythmias, and hypertension.
- Norepinephrine: α (all types) and β1 agonist. Used for neurogenic shock, last resort therapy in shock patients.
- Dopamine: Stimulates D1, β1, and α1 receptors.
- Dobutamine: β1 agonist.
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Noncatecholamines: Synthetic compounds
- α1 agonist: Phenylephrine
- α2 agonist: Clonidine
- β2 agonist: Salbutamol & Ritodrine
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Catecholamines: Naturally occurring neurotransmitters
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Indirect acting: Induce the release of norepinephrine or block its reuptake, enhancing its effects.
- Releasers: Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine
Adrenergic Antagonists (Sympatholytics)
- α and β blockers: Labetalol and Carvedilol
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Non-selective α blockers:
- Phenoxybenzamine: Blocks all α receptors.
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Selective α1 blockers:
- Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin: Primarily block α1 receptors.
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Non-selective β blockers:
- Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol: Block both β1 and β2 receptors.
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Selective β1 blockers:
- Acebutolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol: Block primarily β1 receptors.
Cholinergic Agonists
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Direct acting: Bind directly to cholinergic receptors.
- Acetylcholine: Naturally occurring neurotransmitter.
- Bethanechol: Used to stimulate bladder emptying.
- Carbachol:
- Pilocarpine: Used as an eye drops to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma.
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Indirect acting: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, increasing its availability in the synapse.
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Reversible:
- Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine, Physostigmine, Donepezil: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Their effects can be reversed by pralidoxime.
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Reversible:
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Clinical Uses of Reversible Anticholinesterase:
- Reverse the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers
- Treat Myasthenia Gravis
- Treat Glaucoma
- First-line treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
Cholinergic Antagonists
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Atropine:
- Uses: Mydriasis and cycloplegia for ophthalmologic exams; antispasmodic in the GI tract; anti-enuresis in children; treat heart block; dry secretions in bronchi before anesthesia; antidote for cholinergic agonist poisoning.
- Side effects: CNS stimulation, restlessness, confusion, hallucinations, increased body temperature, dry eye, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation.
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Scopolamine (Hyoscine):
- Uses: Antispasmodic, motion sickness; blocks short-term memory, used in anesthesia.
- Important Note: Sedative, euphoric properties, potential for abuse.
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Ipratropium:
- Uses: Bronchodilator in asthmatic patients.
- Important Note: When inhaled, local action in the lung with minimal systemic effects.
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Description
Test your knowledge on adrenergic agonists and antagonists! This quiz covers both direct and indirect acting agonists, such as catecholamines and noncatecholamines, as well as sympatholytics. Challenge yourself with questions on their mechanisms, uses, and side effects.
