L9 (T1): Adrenal causes of hypertension
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for aldosterone secretion?

  • Reticularis
  • Medulla
  • Glomerulosa (correct)
  • Fasciculata

    • What is the primary cause of hypertension in individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

  • Zona Glomerulosa Adenoma (correct)
  • Tumour of the adrenal medulla
  • Renal Artery Stenosis
  • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

    • Which confirmatory test is used to diagnose Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

  • IV Na+ suppression test (correct)
  • Normal Aldosterone
  • Suppressed Renin
  • Oral Na+ suppression test

    • What is the rare genetic cause of Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the adrenal gland section?

    <p>Note Shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism, what pathology do they have more of compared to people with Essential Hypertension?

    <p>Vascular and renal pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of hypertension in Phaeochromocytoma?

    <p>Tumour of the adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the medulla in the adrenal gland?

    <p>Involved in fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism to undergo screening?

    <p>Similar Blood pressure to Essential Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial screening test for Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Suppressed Renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism, what is the cause of hypertension if not Zona Glomerulosa Adenoma?

    <p>Rare genetic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the adrenal cortex in aldosterone secretion?

    <p>Regulates blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the biochemical diagnosis of Phaeochromocytoma, which of the following is NOT a measured catecholamine?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of Phaeochromocytoma?

    <p>Intermittent hypertension, headache, sweating, and palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic conditions are associated with Phaeochromocytoma?

    <p>Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for unilateral Adenoma in Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is used to show Extra-adrenal 'Phaeos' or Metastases?

    <p>18 F-FDG PET CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the Adrenal Medulla?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Bilateral Hyperplasia in Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Medical Treatment with Aldosterone Antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test for specific Aetiology in Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Adrenal venous sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic conditions is associated with Retinal Hemangioglioblastoma?

    <p>Von Hippel – Lindau Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Noradrenalin (Noradrenaline) on the body?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Adrenalin (Epinephrine) on the body?

    <p>Vasodilation in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the adrenal gland section?

    <p>Inverted Y shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland known as?

    <p>Zone glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is generally used to visualize adrenal glands?

    <p>CT scan (Computed Tomography)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the zona glomerulosa layer primarily produce?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of imaging adrenal glands using CT scans?

    <p>To make it easier to find the glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next layer after the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal glands?

    <p>Zona reticularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of liquorice consumption in relation to primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Mimicking aldosterone and causing hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adrenal vein sampling in the context of primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Confirming the source of aldosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'light bulb test' mentioned in the text used for in the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Identifying aldosterone-secreting adenomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of misdiagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism in individuals with normal blood pressure?

    <p>Potential future development of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk associated with laparoscopic adrenal gland removal as a treatment for primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Risk of complications requiring careful consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized as crucial for accurately diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism in the text?

    <p>Thorough medical histories and asking the right questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are used for medical treatment of unilateral adenoma in the adrenal gland?

    <p>Spironolactone and Eplerenone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones produced by the stimulation of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Dopamine, Noradrenaline, and Adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of excessive hormone production in Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Adrenal medulla tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of high levels of cortisol in the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Conversion of noradrenaline to adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for testing for Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>It can be life-saving despite not being very common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effects can Pheochromocytoma lead to?

    <p>Various effects due to excessive hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial screening test for Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Measuring aldosterone, renin, and potassium levels in a simple blood test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can resistance to hypertension medications, especially on two or more drugs, indicate?

    <p>The need for investigation for primary hyperaldosteronism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost consideration when it comes to diagnostic tests for primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>They are more expensive than standard tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of confirmatory tests in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>To encourage the hormones to go up or down, helping to clarify the diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Potential cure and reduced long-term medication for patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between hypertension due to high aldosterone levels and other health conditions?

    <p>Associated with coronary artery disease, renal disease, and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypertension in individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Excessive aldosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Production of catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic cause of Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Hyperplasia in both adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is commonly used to detect adrenal tumours such as Phaeochromocytoma?

    <p>CT scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of adrenaline (epinephrine) on the body?

    <p>Increase heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial screening test commonly used for Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Aldosterone-renin ratio (ARR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the adrenal gland primarily produces aldosterone?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hypertension in individuals with Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

    <p>Excessive aldosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of Noradrenalin (Noradrenaline) on the body?

    <p>Increased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT commonly used in practice to prevent excessive aldosterone production?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mnemonics in understanding complex medical concepts?

    <p>Aid in memory retention and recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the stimulation of the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diagnosis and Screening for Primary Hyperaldosteronism

    • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are widely used to inhibit hypertension.
    • Drugs that antagonize the effect of aldosterone on its receptor can be used in pathology.
    • Hypertension due to high aldosterone levels is associated with coronary artery disease, renal disease, and stroke.
    • Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism can lead to potential cure and reduced long-term medication for patients.
    • Diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism can be done with a simple blood test to measure aldosterone, renin, and potassium levels.
    • Confirmatory tests involve giving the patient something to encourage the hormones to go up or down, helping to clarify the diagnosis.
    • The cost of diagnostic tests for primary hyperaldosteronism is a consideration, as they are more expensive than standard tests.
    • Screening for primary hyperaldosteronism can be done by checking for hypertension and low potassium levels.
    • Resistance to hypertension medications, especially on two or more drugs, can indicate the need for investigation for primary hyperaldosteronism.
    • Young people with hypertension are more likely to have a secondary cause, such as primary hyperaldosteronism, and should be investigated.
    • Investigating for primary hyperaldosteronism is important in cases of resistant hypertension and in young people with hypertension.
    • Investigating for primary hyperaldosteronism in cases of resistant hypertension can help identify underlying pathological causes and potential cures.

    Adrenal Gland and Hypertension

    • The adrenal gland consists of the cortex, medulla, and a layer known as the ridiculous
    • The cortex produces adrenal androgens, while the medulla produces catecholamines
    • Mnemonics can be useful for understanding complex medical concepts
    • Hypertension can be caused by central factors or specific pathological entities, such as kidney-related issues
    • Investigating hypertension involves checking kidney functions and looking at endocrine causes
    • Primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn's syndrome, involves excessive aldosterone production
    • The condition can be caused by a single adenoma or hyperplasia in both adrenal glands
    • Pheochromocytoma is a tumor in the adrenal medulla that can cause hypertension
    • The liver produces angiotensin, which, through a series of conversions, stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone
    • Renin inhibitors are available to prevent this process
    • Renin inhibitors are not commonly used in practice
    • The lecture focuses on two specific causes of hypertension related to adrenal gland pathology

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    Related Documents

    Adrenal hypertension BSMS 2022(1).ppt

    Description

    Quiz on Adrenal Causes of Hypertension by Dr. Trevor Wheatley. Test your knowledge on the endocrinological factors contributing to hypertension. Ideal for medical students and professionals seeking to enhance their understanding of adrenal-related hypertension.

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