Lecture 4 Short Answer Biochem

FTT, virilization/Ambiguous genitalia, hypertension

700

No

<p>Angiotensin II, K+, Intracellular Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liddle's syndrome is a form of pseudohyperaldosteronism characterized by hypertension, low aldosterone and renin levels, and a response to triamterene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>21 hydroxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortisol may be maintained by ÇACTH secretion, if partial block. May not be able to respond to stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In most cases, there is a smaller effect on aldosterone synthesis. If severe, renal Na+ loss. Aggravated by progesterone &amp;17OH-progesterone which promote salt loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conn's syndrome, Familial hyperaldosteronism, Glucocorticoid remediable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased circulating volume, Diuretic therapy, Renovascular hypertension, Bartter's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By considering blood pressure, plasma K+ and HCO3-, plasma aldosterone and renin, and aldosterone/renin ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In primary hyperaldosteronism, plasma renin is low and aldosterone/renin ratio is high, while in secondary hyperaldosteronism, plasma renin is high and aldosterone/renin ratio is low</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low blood pressure, poor eating habits, feeling unwell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium: 135-145 mmol/L, Potassium: 3.0-5.0 mmol/L, Bicarbonate: 22-32 mmol/L, Urea: 3-8 mmol/L, Creatinine: 50-120 umol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In excess: ↑ plasma Na+/water, ↓ plasma K+, ↑ plasma HCO3- (metabolic alkalosis). In deficiency: ↓ plasma Na+/water, ↑ plasma K+, ↓ plasma HCO3- (metabolic acidosis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low circulating volume, particularly through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure aldosterone levels when supine and after 4 hours of ambulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal vein sampling is used to differentiate between IAH and adrenal adenoma/carcinoma/UAH. In adenomas/carcinomas, the affected gland will have increased aldosterone levels, while the contralateral gland will be suppressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Familial Hyperaldosteronism type I is caused by unequal crossing over between the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genes, which are both located on chromosome 8. This condition can also be diagnosed by the administration of glucocorticoids or PCR based techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conn's syndrome is a condition characterized by the overproduction of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands, leading to excessive sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. This results in high blood pressure and electrolyte imbalances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hyperaldosteronism is most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Secondary hyperaldosteronism, on the other hand, is usually due to an underlying condition such as renal artery stenosis or heart failure. To differentiate between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism, a plasma aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) test is performed. A high ARR suggests primary hyperaldosteronism, while a low ARR suggests secondary hyperaldosteronism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition characterized by the inadequate production of adrenal hormones, including aldosterone. This leads to a deficiency in sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, resulting in electrolyte imbalances. Additionally, Addison's disease can also cause decreased glucose levels and impaired water balance due to the reduced production of cortisol and aldosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers