40 Questions
What is the percentage of aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma in primary aldosteronism?
35%
Which of the following mutations is most commonly associated with aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?
KCNJ5
What percentage of primary aldosteronism is due to familial hyperaldosteronism?
5%
What is the result of activation of aldosterone synthase in aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?
Autonomous aldosterone synthesis
What is the name of the syndrome caused by bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism?
Conn's syndrome
What is the percentage of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism in primary aldosteronism?
60%
What is the name of the gene mutated in some cases of familial hyperaldosteronism?
None of the above
What is the name of the journal that published the article on primary aldosteronism?
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
What is the characteristic of aldosterone-producing adenomas in terms of size?
Small, ranging from 1-32 mm in diameter
What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hyperaldosteronism?
To activate the juxtaglomerular cells
What is the characteristic of cells in aldosterone-producing adenomas?
Lipid-rich and compact
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?
Poor renal perfusion
What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood potassium levels?
Decreased potassium levels
What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood sodium levels?
Increased sodium levels
What is the characteristic of hyperaldosteronism in terms of blood pressure?
Increased blood pressure
What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood pH?
Alkalosis
Which of the following is responsible for producing aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
What is the primary characteristic of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Autonomous overproduction of aldosterone
Which of the following is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism
What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?
To produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the primary effect of hyperaldosteronism on the body?
Hypertension due to increased reabsorption of sodium and water
Which of the following is a characteristic of familial hyperaldosteronism?
It is a rare genetic condition
What is the primary difference between bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?
Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism is associated with a bilateral mass, while aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma is associated with unilateral hyperplasia
What is the role of the zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex?
To produce androgens
What is the primary purpose of measuring cortisol levels in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?
To identify hypersecretion of ACTH
What is the implication of high cortisol levels with normal or low ACTH levels in Cushing's syndrome?
Adrenal neoplasms are likely
What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?
To distinguish between pituitary microadenoma and adrenal neoplasms
What is the recommended treatment for pituitary microadenoma in Cushing's syndrome?
Surgical resection of the tumor
What is the risk of sudden withdrawal of exogenous medications in Cushing's syndrome?
Adrenal crisis
What is the role of imaging studies in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?
To localize pituitary and adrenal tumors
What is the primary goal of treatment in Cushing's syndrome?
To eliminate the tumor
What medications are used to treat adrenal adenoma or carcinoma in Cushing's syndrome?
Ketoconazole and metyrapone
What is the primary purpose of an adrenal saline suppression test in diagnosing hyperaldosteronism?
To determine the location of an adrenal adenoma
What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on the immune system?
Suppression of the immune system
What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating blood pressure?
To increase blood pressure
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?
The underlying etiology of the condition
What is the typical presentation of Cushing's syndrome?
All of the above
What is the primary treatment for an adrenal adenoma causing primary hyperaldosteronism?
Adrenalectomy
What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on ovarian and testicular functions?
Suppression of ovarian and testicular functions
What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating circadian rhythm?
To regulate the sleep-wake cycle
Test your knowledge of adrenal gland dysfunction, including its etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory findings, and diagnostic approaches. This quiz covers the basics of adrenal gland anatomy and its disorders.
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