Adrenal Gland Dysfunction: Pathology and Diagnosis

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What is the percentage of aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma in primary aldosteronism?

30%

40%

25%

35% (correct)

Which of the following mutations is most commonly associated with aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

ATP1A1

KCNJ5 (correct)

KCNJ3

CACNA1D

What percentage of primary aldosteronism is due to familial hyperaldosteronism?

5% (correct)

3%

2%

10%

What is the result of activation of aldosterone synthase in aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

Autonomous aldosterone synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome caused by bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism?

Conn's syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism in primary aldosteronism?

60% Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene mutated in some cases of familial hyperaldosteronism?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the journal that published the article on primary aldosteronism?

Nature Reviews Endocrinology Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of aldosterone-producing adenomas in terms of size?

Small, ranging from 1-32 mm in diameter Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hyperaldosteronism?

To activate the juxtaglomerular cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cells in aldosterone-producing adenomas?

Lipid-rich and compact Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Poor renal perfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood potassium levels?

Decreased potassium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood sodium levels?

Increased sodium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hyperaldosteronism in terms of blood pressure?

Increased blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood pH?

Alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for producing aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Autonomous overproduction of aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?

To produce epinephrine and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hyperaldosteronism on the body?

Hypertension due to increased reabsorption of sodium and water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of familial hyperaldosteronism?

It is a rare genetic condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

Bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism is associated with a bilateral mass, while aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma is associated with unilateral hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex?

To produce androgens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of measuring cortisol levels in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

To identify hypersecretion of ACTH Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of high cortisol levels with normal or low ACTH levels in Cushing's syndrome?

Adrenal neoplasms are likely Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

To distinguish between pituitary microadenoma and adrenal neoplasms Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for pituitary microadenoma in Cushing's syndrome?

Surgical resection of the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of sudden withdrawal of exogenous medications in Cushing's syndrome?

Adrenal crisis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of imaging studies in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

To localize pituitary and adrenal tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of treatment in Cushing's syndrome?

To eliminate the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What medications are used to treat adrenal adenoma or carcinoma in Cushing's syndrome?

Ketoconazole and metyrapone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an adrenal saline suppression test in diagnosing hyperaldosteronism?

To determine the location of an adrenal adenoma Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on the immune system?

Suppression of the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating blood pressure?

To increase blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

The underlying etiology of the condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of Cushing's syndrome?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for an adrenal adenoma causing primary hyperaldosteronism?

Adrenalectomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on ovarian and testicular functions?

Suppression of ovarian and testicular functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating circadian rhythm?

To regulate the sleep-wake cycle Signup and view all the answers

Adrenal Gland Dysfunction: Pathology and Diagnosis

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Questions and Answers

What is the percentage of aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma in primary aldosteronism?

Which of the following mutations is most commonly associated with aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

What percentage of primary aldosteronism is due to familial hyperaldosteronism?

What is the result of activation of aldosterone synthase in aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

What is the name of the syndrome caused by bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism?

What is the percentage of bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism in primary aldosteronism?

What is the name of the gene mutated in some cases of familial hyperaldosteronism?

What is the name of the journal that published the article on primary aldosteronism?

What is the characteristic of aldosterone-producing adenomas in terms of size?

What is the primary function of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hyperaldosteronism?

What is the characteristic of cells in aldosterone-producing adenomas?

What is the most common cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood potassium levels?

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood sodium levels?

What is the characteristic of hyperaldosteronism in terms of blood pressure?

What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism on blood pH?

Which of the following is responsible for producing aldosterone?

What is the primary characteristic of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Which of the following is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

What is the primary function of the adrenal medulla?

What is the primary effect of hyperaldosteronism on the body?

Which of the following is a characteristic of familial hyperaldosteronism?

What is the primary difference between bilateral idiopathic hyperaldosteronism and aldosterone-producing adrenal cortical adenoma?

What is the role of the zona reticularis in the adrenal cortex?

What is the primary purpose of measuring cortisol levels in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

What is the implication of high cortisol levels with normal or low ACTH levels in Cushing's syndrome?

What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

What is the recommended treatment for pituitary microadenoma in Cushing's syndrome?

What is the risk of sudden withdrawal of exogenous medications in Cushing's syndrome?

What is the role of imaging studies in diagnosing Cushing's syndrome?

What is the primary goal of treatment in Cushing's syndrome?

What medications are used to treat adrenal adenoma or carcinoma in Cushing's syndrome?

What is the primary purpose of an adrenal saline suppression test in diagnosing hyperaldosteronism?

What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on the immune system?

What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating blood pressure?

What is the primary difference between primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism?

What is the typical presentation of Cushing's syndrome?

What is the primary treatment for an adrenal adenoma causing primary hyperaldosteronism?

What is the effect of excessive cortisol production on ovarian and testicular functions?

What is the primary function of cortisol in regulating circadian rhythm?

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