Adrenal Gland Dysfunction
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in high-income countries?

  • Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical tissues (correct)
  • Hormonal imbalance
  • Infectious disease due to tuberculosis
  • Metastatic carcinoma

What is the effect of zona glomerulosa destruction on electrolyte levels?

  • No effect on electrolyte levels
  • Hypokalemia and hypernatremia
  • Hypernatremia and hypokalemia
  • Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (correct)

Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?

  • Cravings for salty food (correct)
  • Increased energy
  • Weight gain
  • Insomnia

What is the second most common cause of Addison's disease?

<p>Metastatic carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on blood pressure?

<p>Hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which layer of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?

<p>Zona glomerulosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in countries where tuberculosis is prevalent?

<p>Infectious disease due to tuberculosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic cause of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?

<p>Somatic mutations in the GNAQ gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Pheochromocytoma?

<p>Palpitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of uncontrolled hypertension caused by Pheochromocytoma?

<p>Hemorrhage and ischemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical blood pressure threshold for hypertensive urgency?

<p>180/120 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B?

<p>RET (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common finding in patients with Pheochromocytoma?

<p>Mucosal neuromas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious complication of Pheochromocytoma?

<p>Stroke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

<p>Damage to the adrenal cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between acute and chronic primary adrenal insufficiency?

<p>Acute is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, while chronic is Addison disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the syndrome caused by the progressive destruction of the adrenal gland?

<p>Addison disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal gland?

<p>To produce hormones that regulate electrolyte balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of androgens?

<p>Androgenital syndromes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the tumor that arises from chromaffin cells?

<p>Pheochromocytoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

<p>Primary is due to a problem localized to the adrenal gland, while secondary is due to a problem elsewhere in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing pheochromocytoma?

<p>Measuring catecholamines in blood or urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for a hypertensive crisis in pheochromocytoma?

<p>Medications to lower blood pressure that block alpha and beta receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range of most neuroblastoma cases?

<p>Infants &lt; 5 years old (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of neuroblastoma tumors?

<p>Neural crest cells in the adrenal medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of neuroblastoma cells?

<p>Undifferentiated and poorly differentiated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic mutation is associated with neuroblastoma?

<p>Mutation on the MYCN oncogene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of neural crest cells failing to differentiate during fetal development?

<p>Formation of a tumor in the adrenal medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the substance that surrounds cells with lots of cytoplasm in a neuroblastoma?

<p>Schwannian stroma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of CXCL12 in the context of neuroblastoma?

<p>It attracts immune cells to the tumor site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does CXCL12 reach after a neuroblastoma cell ruptures?

<p>The lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of immune cells sensing high CXCL12 levels?

<p>They attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells?

<p>Lots of cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the network of nerve fibers that surrounds neuroblastoma cells?

<p>Neuropil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of CXCL12 release into the bloodstream?

<p>Immune cells attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis?

<p>It is a pro-inflammatory marker (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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