36 Questions
What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in high-income countries?
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical tissues
What is the effect of zona glomerulosa destruction on electrolyte levels?
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?
Cravings for salty food
What is the second most common cause of Addison's disease?
Metastatic carcinoma
What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on blood pressure?
Hypotension
In which layer of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?
Zona glomerulosa
What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in countries where tuberculosis is prevalent?
Infectious disease due to tuberculosis
What is the genetic cause of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?
Somatic mutations in the GNAQ gene
What is a common symptom of Pheochromocytoma?
Palpitations
What is a possible complication of uncontrolled hypertension caused by Pheochromocytoma?
Hemorrhage and ischemia
What is the typical blood pressure threshold for hypertensive urgency?
180/120 mmHg
What is the name of the gene associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B?
RET
What is a common finding in patients with Pheochromocytoma?
Mucosal neuromas
What is a serious complication of Pheochromocytoma?
Stroke
What is the primary cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?
Damage to the adrenal cortex
What is the difference between acute and chronic primary adrenal insufficiency?
Acute is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, while chronic is Addison disease
What is the name of the syndrome caused by the progressive destruction of the adrenal gland?
Addison disease
What is the primary function of the adrenal gland?
To produce hormones that regulate electrolyte balance
What is the term for the group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of androgens?
Androgenital syndromes
What is the term for the tumor that arises from chromaffin cells?
Pheochromocytoma
What is the distinction between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Primary is due to a problem localized to the adrenal gland, while secondary is due to a problem elsewhere in the body
What is the primary method for diagnosing pheochromocytoma?
Measuring catecholamines in blood or urine
What is the treatment for a hypertensive crisis in pheochromocytoma?
Medications to lower blood pressure that block alpha and beta receptors
What is the age range of most neuroblastoma cases?
Infants < 5 years old
What is the origin of neuroblastoma tumors?
Neural crest cells in the adrenal medulla
What are the two types of neuroblastoma cells?
Undifferentiated and poorly differentiated
What genetic mutation is associated with neuroblastoma?
Mutation on the MYCN oncogene
What is the result of neural crest cells failing to differentiate during fetal development?
Formation of a tumor in the adrenal medulla
What is the substance that surrounds cells with lots of cytoplasm in a neuroblastoma?
Schwannian stroma
What is the function of CXCL12 in the context of neuroblastoma?
It attracts immune cells to the tumor site
Where does CXCL12 reach after a neuroblastoma cell ruptures?
The lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow
What is the result of immune cells sensing high CXCL12 levels?
They attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow
What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells?
Lots of cytoplasm
What is the network of nerve fibers that surrounds neuroblastoma cells?
Neuropil
What is the consequence of CXCL12 release into the bloodstream?
Immune cells attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow
What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis?
It is a pro-inflammatory marker
This quiz covers the etiologies and pathophysiology of adrenal gland dysfunction, its clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. It also explores adrenal gland pathology, including hyperfunction, hypofunction, and neoplasms. Test your knowledge of adrenal gland dysfunction and its diagnosis and treatment.
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