Adrenal Gland Dysfunction
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in high-income countries?

  • Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical tissues (correct)
  • Hormonal imbalance
  • Infectious disease due to tuberculosis
  • Metastatic carcinoma

    • What is the effect of zona glomerulosa destruction on electrolyte levels?

  • No effect on electrolyte levels
  • Hypokalemia and hypernatremia
  • Hypernatremia and hypokalemia
  • Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (correct)

    • Which of the following is a symptom of Addison's disease?

  • Cravings for salty food (correct)
  • Increased energy
  • Weight gain
  • Insomnia

    • What is the second most common cause of Addison's disease?

    <p>Metastatic carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adrenal cortex destruction on blood pressure?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the adrenal cortex is aldosterone produced?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of Addison's disease in countries where tuberculosis is prevalent?

    <p>Infectious disease due to tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic cause of Sturge-Weber Syndrome?

    <p>Somatic mutations in the GNAQ gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Palpitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication of uncontrolled hypertension caused by Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Hemorrhage and ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical blood pressure threshold for hypertensive urgency?

    <p>180/120 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the gene associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B?

    <p>RET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in patients with Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Mucosal neuromas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious complication of Pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Damage to the adrenal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acute and chronic primary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Acute is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, while chronic is Addison disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome caused by the progressive destruction of the adrenal gland?

    <p>Addison disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the adrenal gland?

    <p>To produce hormones that regulate electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of androgens?

    <p>Androgenital syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tumor that arises from chromaffin cells?

    <p>Pheochromocytoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinction between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency?

    <p>Primary is due to a problem localized to the adrenal gland, while secondary is due to a problem elsewhere in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for diagnosing pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Measuring catecholamines in blood or urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a hypertensive crisis in pheochromocytoma?

    <p>Medications to lower blood pressure that block alpha and beta receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the age range of most neuroblastoma cases?

    <p>Infants &lt; 5 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of neuroblastoma tumors?

    <p>Neural crest cells in the adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of neuroblastoma cells?

    <p>Undifferentiated and poorly differentiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic mutation is associated with neuroblastoma?

    <p>Mutation on the MYCN oncogene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of neural crest cells failing to differentiate during fetal development?

    <p>Formation of a tumor in the adrenal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the substance that surrounds cells with lots of cytoplasm in a neuroblastoma?

    <p>Schwannian stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CXCL12 in the context of neuroblastoma?

    <p>It attracts immune cells to the tumor site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does CXCL12 reach after a neuroblastoma cell ruptures?

    <p>The lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of immune cells sensing high CXCL12 levels?

    <p>They attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neuroblastoma cells?

    <p>Lots of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the network of nerve fibers that surrounds neuroblastoma cells?

    <p>Neuropil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of CXCL12 release into the bloodstream?

    <p>Immune cells attack the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CXCL12 in neuroblastoma pathogenesis?

    <p>It is a pro-inflammatory marker</p> Signup and view all the answers

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